주제: 언어와 방언
1) 언어와 방언의 차이 How a language differs from a dialect?
가. Language
refers either to a single linguistic norm (when there is
just one dialect) or to a group of related norms (each of
which is a dialect).
some unitary system of linguistic communication which
subsumes a number of mutually intelligible varieties. (
English language -- Indian E., London E., Scottish E.,
Australian, NY Eng., West country English, Black E., ..)
나. Dialect
refers to one of the norms that are subsummed under a language.
다. It is impossible to draw a clear distinction between these two.
라. General use (use by the people who speak the varieties)
In general usage (by people), language and Dialect may be
employed virtually interchangeable.
마. It depends on certain political or social factors (rather than
linguistic factors) whether people (actual users) call their norm
a language or dialect.
가) Ideology of separation/autonomy
The varieties of the essentially same language is claimed to
be different languages by the users.
Case 1 (Hindi vs. Urdu) -- essentially the same language.
The difference becomes more and more magnified because of
political and religious differences.
Hindi is written left to right in the Devanagari script,
whereas Urdu is written right to left in the Arabic
script.
Hindi is Indian/Hindi language, Urdu is Pakistan/Moslem
language.
Case 2 (Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia -- 3 national
languages) The main difference is the different
preferences in vocabulary rather than in pronunciation
and grammar.
Many Croatians: they are two different languages
Case 3 (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) They are
mutually intelligible. Best between Nor. and Swed.,
worst between Danish and Swedish.
나) Ideology of unification/solidarity
Two different languages are claimed to be the same
language.
Case 4 (Mandarin and Cantonese) Use the same script,
communication through writing is possible. Totally
different languages. Mutually unintelligible. Chinese
people insist that they speak the same language different
dialects.
다) Intelligibility as a criterion
Case 5 (English)
Cockney (London variety) vs. Ozark Mountains US English
Scottish English vs. Texan English
2) Standardization
The process to unify a group of different norms.
The process by which a lang is codified (grammar, dictionary, etc).
Politically/socially -- the creation of shared identity (it unifies
individuals and groups using the language and separtes the unified
community from other communities.
Standard English (London dialect) -- usually used in print, and is
normally taught in shcools and to non-native speakers, is normally
spoken by educated people and used in news broadcasts.