Typology of Metadata and Cataloging Standards

1. Data Structure Standards (element sets; schemes, schemas, or schemata) (examples: Dublin Core, MODS, CDWA, VRA, LOM)
2. Data Content Standards (cataloging rules, input standards, best practice guides) (examples: AACR2, CCO, CDPDCMBP)
3. Data Value Standards (controlled vocabularies, encoding schemes) (examples: LCSH, AAT, TGN, LCTGM, ULAN, W3CDTF, DCMIType)
4. Data Format / Technical Interchange Standards (encoding standards for machine processing and interchange) (examples: XML, SGML, MARC)
5. Data Presentation Standards (examples: ISBD punctuation, CSS and/or XSLT for display, OPAC display settings)

Diagram created by Steven J. Miller

The first four parts of this typology are becoming widely-used and can be found in the following resources, among others:

• Zeng, Marcia Lei & Jian Qin. Metadata. New York: Neal-Schuman, 2008. Page 15.
• Gilliland, Anne J. "Setting the Stage." In Baca, Murtha (editor). Introduction to Metadata. Second [Revised] Edition. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2008. Page 3.
• Elings, Mary W. and Günter Waibel. "Metadata for All: Descriptive Standards and Metadata Sharing across Libraries, Archives and Museums.” First Monday 12:3 (March 2007). http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_3/elings/index.html
• Descriptive Metadata Guidelines for RLG Cultural Materials. RLG, 2005. Pages 3-5. http://www.oclc.org/programs/ourwork/past/culturalmaterials/RLG_desc_metadata.pdf

I have added the fifth category in response to RDA's identification of ISBD punctuation as a presentation standard which can be separated from the bibliographic elements and content rules.

Metadata

• Meta + Data = Data about data: data elements that organize, describe, index, collocate, structure, preserve, and manage information and knowledge resources

  • Descriptive Metadata = data elements for resource description and discovery (access, retrieval); data elements that connect searchers to information resources in a structured, controlled way.

Introductions to Metadata for Librarians

• Understanding Metadata. National Information Standards Organization, 2004. Online: http://www.niso.org/publications/press/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf
• Zeng, Marcia Lei & Jian Qin. Metadata. New York: Neal-Schuman, 2008. ISBN: 9781555706357.
• Baca, Murtha (editor). Introduction to Metadata. Second Edition. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2008.
• Haynes, David.  Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval.  Facet, 2004.
• Intner, Sheila S., Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs. Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries. (Library and Information Science Text Series). Libraries Unlimited, 2005. ISBN: 1-591-58145-1
• Smiraglia, Richard P., editor. Metadata: A Cataloger's Primer. New York: Haworth, 2005. Co-published simultaneously as Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 40:3/4 (2005).
• Caplan, Priscilla. Metadata Fundamentals for All Librarians.  American Library Association, 2003. 
• Hillmann, Diane I., and Elaine L. Westbrooks.  Metadata in Practice. American Library Association, 2004.

Continuing Education in Metadata:

Cataloging for the 21st Century: http://www.loc.gov/catworkshop/cat21/index.html

Cataloging Online Resources
Using AACR and MARC

Official Standards and Guidelines

• AACR2, especially Chapters 9 and 12
• MARC 21 Standards
• Cataloging Electronic Resources: OCLC-MARC Coding Guidelines
• Cataloging Integrating Resources (OCLC)
• Guidelines for Coding Electronic Resources in Leader/06 (Library of Congress)
• CONSER Cataloging Manual: Module 31: Remote Access Computer File Serials
• Guidelines for the Use of Field 856 (MARC 21 Formats)

• JSC: Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR
  • Current JSC Activities
• The Future of AACR / ALCTS CC:DA  
• FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
  • PDF Version of IFLA Final Report
  • LC: FRBR Displays for Multiple Versions
• MARC 21 Standards
• Bibliographic Control of Web Resources: A Library of Congress Action Plan
• Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium

Current Learning Resources

• Cataloger's Learning Workshop: http://www.loc.gov/catworkshop/workshops.html

• ALCTS Continuing Education: http://www.ala.org/ala/alcts/alctsconted/alctsceevents/events.htm

• Library of Congress, SCCTP training materials:

  • Integrating Resources Cataloging Workshop, available from CDS: http://lcweb.loc.gov/cds/training.html#ircw

  • Electronic Serials Cataloging Workshop, available from CDS: http://lcweb.loc.gov/cds/training.html#escw

• Introduction to Cataloging Electronic Integrating Resources: An Online Training Presentation / OLAC CAPC: http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/units/cts/olac/capc/ir.ppt

• A Guide for the Source of Title Note for Internet Resources / OLAC CAPC: http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/ units/cts/olac/capc/stnir.html 

• Arms, Caroline. "Some Observations on Metadata and Digital Libraries." Discussion paper presented at the Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium, November 15-17, 2000.  Online: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/arms_paper.html
• Beacom, Matthew. "Crossing a Digital Divide: AACR2 and Unaddressed Problems of Networked Resources." Paper presented at the Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium, November 15-17, 2000.  Online: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/beacom_paper.html ; and: Comments by Glenn Patton: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/patton_paper.html
• Berners-Lee, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila. "The Semantic Web." Scientific American (Online), May, 2001. Online: http://www.sciam.com/2001/0501issue/0501berners-lee.html
• Bishoff, Liz, and William A. Garrison. "Metadata, Cataloging, Digitization and Retrieval: Who's Doing What to Whom: The Colorado Digitization Project Experience." Discussion paper presented at the Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium, November 15-17, 2000.  Online: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/bishoff_paper.html
• Bray, Tim. "RDF and Metadata." Online: http://www.xml.com/xml/pub/98/06/rdf.html
• Brisson, Roger. "The World Discovers Cataloging: A Conceptual Introduction to Digital Libraries, Metadata and the Implications for Library Administrations.  Journal of Internet Cataloging 1:4 (1999): 3-30.
• Burnett, Kathleen, Kwong Bor Ng, and Soyeon Park. "A Comparison of the Two Traditions of Metadata Development." Journal of the American Academy for Information Science 50:13 (1999): 1209-1217.
• Caplan, Priscilla, and Rebecca Guenther. "Metadata for Internet Resources: The Dublin Core Metadata Elements Set and Its Mapping to USMARC." Cataloging and Classification Quarterly 22:3/4 (1996): 43-58.
• Caplan, Priscilla.  "International Metadata Initiatives: Lessons in Bibliographic Control." Paper presented at the Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium, November 15-17, 2000.  Online: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/caplan_paper.html ; and: commentary by Robin Wendler: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/wendler_paper.html
• Caplan, Priscilla.  Metadata Fundamentals for All Librarians.  Chicago: ALA, 2003
• Danskin, Alan, and Ann Chapman.  "Bibliographic Records in the Computer Age."  Library + Information Update 2:9 (2003) 42-43.
• Day, Michael.  "Metadata: Mapping between Metadata Formats."  Online: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/interoperability/
• "DCMI Metadata Terms". Online: http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/
• "DCMI Type Vocabulary."  Online: http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-type-vocabulary/
• Denton, William. "FRBR and Fundamental Cataloguing Rules." May 2003. Online: http://www.miskatonic.org/library/frbr.html
• Dextre Clarke, Stella G. "Thesaural Relationships." In: Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge. Edited by Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green. (Kluwer, 2001). P. 37-52.
• "Dublin Core FAQ." Online: http://dublincore.org/resources/faq/
• "Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1: Reference Description." Online: http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/
• "Dublin Core/MARC/GILS Crosswalk." Online: http://www.loc.gov/marc/dccross.html
• Eversberg, Bernhard. "On the Theory of Library Catalogs and Search Engines." Online: http://www.biblio.tu-bs.de/allegro/formate/tlcse.htm
• Eversberg, Bernhard. "What Should Catalogs Do?" Online: http://www.biblio.tu-bs.de/allegro/formate/gz-1e.htm
• Fiander, David J.  "Applying XML to the Bibliographic Description."  Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 33:2 (2001) 17-28.
• FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Final Report / IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records.  (K. G. Saur, 1998).  Available online in HTML at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm and in PDF at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf
• Gaynor, Edward. "From MARC to Markup: SGML and Online Library Systems." Online: http://www.lib.virginia.edu/speccol/scdc/articles/alcts_brief.html
• Gill, Tony. "Metadata and the World Wide Web." In Baca, Murtha, editor, Introduction to Metadata: Pathways to Digital Information. Version 2.0. (J. Paul Getty Trust, 1998). Online: http://www.getty.edu/research/institute/standards/intrometadata/2_articles/gill/index.html
• Gilliland-Swetland, Anne J. "Setting the Stage." In Baca, Murtha, editor, Introduction to Metadata: Pathways to Digital Information. Version 2.0. (J. Paul Getty Trust). Online: http://www.getty.edu/research/institute/standards/intrometadata/2_articles/index.html
• Glogoff, Stuart J., and Garry J. Forger.  "Metadata Protocols and Standards: Bringing Order to Our Digital Objects."  Internet Reference Services Quarterly 5:4 (2001) 5-14. 
• Gorman, Michael, and Pat Oddy. "The Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition : Their History and Principles." Paper presented at the International Conference on the Principles and Future Development of AACR, Toronto, Canada, October 23-25, 1997.
• Gorman, Michael.  "Metadata or Cataloguing? A False Choice.  Journal of Internet Cataloging 2:1 (1999) 5-22. 
• Gorman, Michael.  "What Is the Future of Cataloguers and Cataloguing?"  Paper presented at the 63rd IFLA General Conference, August 31-September 5, 1997. Online: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla63/63gorm.htm
• Guenther, Rebecca, and Sally McCallum.  "New Metadata Standards for Digital Resources: MODS and METS." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (Dec/Jan. 2003): 12-15. 
• Heery, Rachel.  "What is... RDF?"  Ariadne 14 (March 1998).   http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue14/what-is/
• Hsieh-Yee, Ingrid. Chapter 7: "Internet Resources" (p. 203-253). In Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide. Libraries Unlimited, 2000.
• Hudgins, Jean, Grace Agnew, and Elizabeth Brown. Getting Mileage Out of Metadata: Applications for the Library. American Library Association, 1999.
• Huthwaite, Ann. "AACR2 and Its Place in the Digital World: Near-term Revisions and Long-term Direction." paper presented at the Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium, November 15-17, 2000.  Online: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/huthwaite_paper.html
• Ianella, Renato. "An Idiot's Guide to the Resource Description Framework." Online at: http://archive.dstc.edu.au/RDU/reports/RDF-Idiot/
• IFLA Working Group on FRBR. "Frequently Asked Questions About FRBR." Online: http://www.ifla.org.sg/VII/s13/wgfrbr/faq.htm
• IMLS: A Framework of Guidance for Building Good Digital Collections: http://www.imls.gov/pubs/forumframework.htm
• ISBD(ER): International Standard Bibliographic Description for Electronic Resources.  Recommended by the ISBD(CF) Review Group.  (Munich : K. G. Saur, 1997).  Also available online: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/pubs/isbd.htm
• Johnson, Bruce Chr.  "XML and MARC: Which is 'Right'?"  Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 32:1 (2001) 81-90.
• Lagoze, Carl. "Business Unusual: How "Event-Awareness" May Breathe Life Into the Catalog?" Paper presented at the Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium, November 15-17, 2000.  Online: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/lagoze_paper.html
• Lagoze, Carl. "Keeping Dublin Core Simple Cross-Domain Discovery or Resource Description?" D-Lib Magazine (January 2001). Online: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january01/lagoze/01lagoze.html
• Lam, Vinh-The. "Cataloging Internet Resources: Why, What, How." Cataloging and Classification Quarterly 29:3 (2000): 49-61.
• Lam, Vinh-The. "Cataloging Internet Resources: Why, What, How." Cataloging and Classification Quarterly 29:3 (2000): 49-61. 
• Lee-Smeltzer, Kuang-Hwei. "Finding the Needle: Controlled Vocabularies, Resource Discovery, and the Dublin Core." Library Collections, Acquisitions, & Technical Services 24 (2000) 205-215.
• Levy, David M. "Cataloging in the Digital Order." Paper presented at Digital Libraries '95: The Second Annual Conference on the Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries, June 11-13, 1995, Austin, Texas. Online: http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/DL95/papers/levy/levy.html
• Lynch, Clifford. "The Dublin Core Descriptive Metadata Program: Strategic Implications for Libraries and Networked Information Access." ARL 196 (February, 1998). Online: http://arl.cni.org/newsltr/196/dublin.html
• Mandel, Carol A., and Robert Wolven. " Intellectual Access to Digital Documents: Joining Proven Principles with New Technologies." Cataloging and Classification Quarterly 22:3/4 (1996): 25-42.
• McCallum, Sally. "Extending MARC for Bibliographic Control in the Web Environment: Challenges and Alternatives." Paper presented at the Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium, November 15-17, 2000.  Online: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/mccallum_paper.html  ; and: Comments by Paul Weiss: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/weiss_paper.html
• Miller, Eric. "An Introduction to the Resource Description Framework." D-Lib Magazine (May 1998). Online: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may98/miller/05miller.html
• Milstead, Jessica, and Susan Feldman. "Metadata: Cataloging by Any Other Name ..." and "Metadata Projects and Standards."  ONLINE (January, 1999). Online: http://www.onlinemag.net/OL1999/milstead1.html
• NINCH Guide to Good Practice: http://www.ninch.org/guide.html
• Rettig, Patricia J.  "Administrative metadata for digital images: a real world application of the NISO standard."  Library Collections, Acquisitions, & Technical Services 26 (2002) 173-179. 
• Reynolds, Regina R. "Back to the future of AACR: retooling former cataloging practices to solve problems old and new." Library Collections, Acquisitions, & Technical Services 24 (2000) 21-31.
• Schneiderman, R. Anders. "Why Librarians Should Rule the Net." Online: http://www.ucaqld.com.au/net/4future/librarians.html
• Schottlaender, Brian E. C.  Commentary on "The Catalog As Portal To the Internet" by Sarah E. Thomas, presented at the Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium, November 15-17, 2000. Online: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/schottlaender_paper.html
• Sperberg-McQueen, C. M. and Lou Burnard, editors. " A Gentle Introduction to SGML." Chapter two of Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange (TEI P3). Sections 2-4 and 10-11. Online: http://www.uic.edu/orgs/tei/sgml/teip3sg/
• St. Pierre, Margaret, and William P. LaPlant. "Issues in Crosswalking: Content Metadata Standards." NISO Standards White Paper, Released October 15, 1998. Online: http://www.niso.org/press/whitepapers/crsswalk.html
• Stringer-Hye, Suellen.  "Introduction to the Semantic Web, Organizing the Web for Better Information Retrieval."  Paper presented at Knowledge Technologies 2002 - Seattle, March 2002.  Online: http://www.knowledgetechnologies.net/proceedings/presentations/stringer-hye/suellenstringer-hye.htm 
• Sutton, Stuart.  "Stuart Sutton, Associate Professor, University of Washington iSchool: From Discourse Communities to the Semantic Web."  Interviewed by Kathleen Forsythe.  Journal of Internet Cataloging 5:3 (2002): 3-26.  
• Szunejko, Monika Halina. "The Description of Internet Resources: A Consideration of the Relationship Between MARC and Other Metadata Schemes."  Technical Services Quarterly 18:3 (2001): 1-9.
• Tennant, Roy.  "Metadata As If Libraries Depended on It."  Library Journal April 15, 2002 p. 32 & 34.
• Tennant, Roy.  "Metadata's Bitter Harvest."  Library Journal July 15, 2004. 
• Thomas, Sarah E.  "The Catalog as Portal to the Internet." Paper presented at the Library of Congress Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control for the New Millennium, November 15-17, 2000.  Online: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/thomas_paper.html ; and: Commentary by Brian E. C. Schottlaender: http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/schottlaender_paper.html
• Tillett, Barbara. "Bibliographic Relationships." In: Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge. Edited by Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green. (Kluwer, 2001). P. 19-35. 
• Tillett, Barbara.  What is FRBR? : A Conceptual Model for the Bibliographic Universe.  Library of Congress Cataloging Distribution Service.  Online:
• Understanding MARC Bibliographic: Machine-Readable Cataloging. Written by Betty Furrie in conjunction with the Data Base Development Department of The Follett Software Company. Online: http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/umb/
• University of Washington Libraries Metadata Implementation Group. "Metadata Guidelines for Collections using CONTENTdm. Online: http://www.lib.washington.edu/msd/mig/advice/default.html
• Vellucci, Sherry L. "Metadata and Authority Control." Library Resources and Technical Services 44:1 (1999): 33-43.
• Vellucci, Sherry L. "Metadata." Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 33 (1998): 187-222.
• Western States Dublin Core Metadata Best Practices: http://www.cdpheritage.org/westerntrails/wt_bpmetadata.html
• Woodley, Mary. "Crosswalks: the Path to Universal Access." In Baca, Murtha, editor, Introduction to Metadata: Pathways to Digital Information. Version 2.0. (J. Paul Getty Trust, 1998). Online: http://www.getty.edu/research/institute/standards/intrometadata/2_articles/woodley/index.html
• Wool, Gregory. "A Meditation on Metadata." The Serials Librarian 33:1/2 (1998): 167-178.