SYSTEMS OF
PSYCHOTHERAPY, Spring, 2007, Dr. Hynan: Mon.,
Office:
Garland 202C ---Office Hours: T
Phone:229-4746 or 229-5099; E-MAIL:hynan@uwm.edu home page: www.uwm.edu/~hynan
This course
would be better titled "The Science and the Art of
Psychotherapy." The first part of
the semester will be devoted research on psychotherapy. Topics such as the
outcome problem, spontaneous recovery, patient variables, therapist variables,
etc., will be covered in a lecture format, including three debates between
groups of students and the instructor. Subsequently, a variety of systems of
psychotherapy will be studied in a seminar-like atmosphere. Each student will
be expected to have some familiarity with each of the therapy schools and to be
an expert in one system (to be assigned early in the semester). Theoretical
backgrounds, assumptions, techniques, etc., will be compared and contrasted in
general discussion and with case study examples. Course requirements are two exams (midterm
and final), debate participation, and class presentations of the chosen area of
therapeutic expertise. Students are also expected to distribute a mimeographed
outline of their presentation on a school of therapy. Grades will be based on
the performance on the two essay exams, which will be weighted equally. Exam questions will be based on the lectures,
the required readings, and student presentations. The midterm exam will be Mar.
12, Mar 26 or Apr. 2; the final exam will be from
Information
of Psychology Department policies on participation by students with
disabilities, accommodation for religious observances, academic conduct,
complaint procedures, grade appeal procedures, and other standing policies
(e.g., sexual harassment, incompletes) is available in the main office of
Psychology in
Required
texts are:
Lambert, M. (2004).
Bergin and
Corsini, R. & Wedding, D (Eds.). (2005). Current Psychotherapies (7th ed.)
The readings
marked by (**) are required.
I.
Historical
Overview; Definition of Therapy, Process, and Outcome, and the Integration of
Research and Practice.
**Lambert,
M., Bergin, A, & Garfield, S. (2004). Introduction and
historical overview. In
Handbook, Chapter 1.
**Weinberger,
J. (1995). Common factors aren't so common: The common factors dilemma.
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2, 45-69.
**Monahan, J.
(1993). Limiting therapist exposure to Tarasoff
Liability. American Psychologist, 48, 242-250.
*Schachter, D. L.
(1999). The seven sins of memory: Insights from psychology and cognitive
neuroscience. American Psychologist, 54, 182-203.
*Hill, C. E., Gelso,
C. J., & Mohr, J. J. (2000). Client concealment and self-presentation in
therapy: Comment on Kelly (2000). Psychological Bulletin, 126, 495-500.
C.
Process and outcome measures used in the clinic.
Lambert, M. J. & Okiiski, J. (1997). The therapists
contribution to therapeutic outcome. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,
4, 66-75.
* Martin, D. J., Garske,
J. P., & Davis, M. Katherine. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance
with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68,438-450.
*Lueger, R.J.,
Howard, K.I., Maretinovich, Z., Lutz, W., Anderson,
E.E., & Grissom, G. (2001). Assessing treatment progress of individual
patients using expected treatment response models. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 69, 150-158.
**Lambert,
M.J., Hansen, N.B., & Finch, A.E. (2001). Patient-focused research: Using
patient outcome data to enhance treatment effects. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 69, 159-172.
Lambert,
M.J., Whipple, J.L., Hawkins, E.J., Vermeersch, D.A.,
Nielsen, S.L. & Smart, D.W. (2003). Is it time for clinicians to routinely track patient
outcome? A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 288-301.
**Borkovec, T.D. (2004). Research in training clinics and
practice research
networks: A route to the integration of science and practice. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,
12, 211-215.
II.
Outcome
A.
The outcome problem. Does psychotherapy work?
*Eysenck, H. (1952). The effects of psychotherapy: An
evaluation. Journal of
Consulting Psychology, 16, 319-324.
Luborski, L. (1954). A note on Eysenck's
article, "The effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation." British Journal of Psychology, 45, 129-131.
Rosenzweig, S. (1954). A transvaluation of psychotherapy: A reply to Hans Eysenck. Journal of
Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 298-304.
Eysenck, H. (1955). The effects of
psychotherapy: A reply. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 50, 147-148.
Strupp, H. (1963). The outcome problem
in psychotherapy revisited.
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1, 1-13.
Eysenck, H. (1964). The outcome problem
in psychotherapy: A reply. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1,
97-100.
*Bergin, A. (1963). The effects of psychotherapy: Negative
results revisited. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 10,
244-250.
Astin, A. (1961). The functional
autonomy of psychotherapy. American
Psychologist, 16, 75-78.
*Kiesler, D. (1966). Some myths of psychotherapy research
and the search for a paradigm.
Psychological Bulletin, 65, 110-136.
Frank, J. (1963). Does psychotherapy
work? International Journal of
Psychiatry, 3, 153-155.
Meltzoff, J. (1969). Effectiveness of psychotherapy is amply
demonstrated. International Journal of Psychology, 7, 149-152.
Bergin, A. & Suinn, R.
(1975).
Individual psychotherapy and behavior therapy. In M. Rosenzweig
& L. Porter (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology, 26.
*Luborski, L.,
Singer, B., & Luborski, L. (1976). Comparative studies of psychotherapies: Is it true that "everybody has won and
all must have prizes?" In R.
Spitzer & D. Klein (Eds.), Evaluation of psychotherapies.
Johns
*Smith, N. & Glass, G. (1977). Meta-analysis of
psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32, 752-760.
Gallo, P.
(1978). Meta-analysis
-- a mixed meta-phor?
American Psychologist, 33, 515-517.
Rimland, B. (1979). Death knell for psychotherapy? American Psychologist, 34,
192.
Frank, J.
(1979). The
present status of outcome studies.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 310-316.
Erwin, E. (1980). Psychoanalytic therapy: The Eysenck argument.
American Psychologist, 35, 435-443.
Miller, R., & Berman, J. (1983). The efficacy of cognitive behavior
therapies: A quantitative review of the research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 39-53.
Shapiro, D., &
Shapiro, D. (1982). Meta-analysis of
comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 581-609.
Landman, J., &
Dawes, R. (1982). Psychotherapy outcome: Smith & Glass conclusions stand up under
scrutiny. American Psychologist, 37, 504-516.
*Glass, G., & Kliegl,
R. (1983). An apology for research integration in
the study of psychotherapy. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 28-41.
Shapiro, D., & Shapiro,
D. (1983). Comparative therapy outcome research:
Methodological implications of meta-analysis.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 42-53.
Steinbrueck, S.,
Maxwell, S., & Howard, G. (1983). A meta-analysis of
psychotherapy and drug therapy in the treatment of unipolar
depression with adults. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 856-863.
Andrews, G., & Harvey, R. (1981). Does psychotherapy benefit neurotic
patients? Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 1203-1208.
Berman, J.S., Miller, P.C., & Massman, P.J. (1985). Cognitive therapy
versus systematic desensitization: Is
one treatment superior? Psychological
Bulletin, 97, 451-461.
Casey, R. & Berman, J.
(1985). The
outcome of psychotherapy with children. Psychological Bulletin, 98,
388-400.
Stiles, W., Shapiro, D.,
& Elliott, R. (1986). Are all
psychotherapies equivalent? American Psychologist, 41, 165-180.
Klerman, G., Weissman, M.W., Markowitz,
J.C., Glick,
**Thase, M. T. & Kupfer, D. J.
(1996). Recent developments in the pharmacotherapy of mood
disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 646-659.
**Ludiard, R. B., Brawn-Mintzer,
O., & Ballenger, J. C. (1996). Recent developments in the
pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 64, 660-668.
Weisz, J., Weiss, B., Alicke, M., & Klotz,
M. (1987). Effectiveness of psychotherapy with
children and adolescents: A
meta-analysis for clinicians. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
55, 542-549.
Shoham-Salomon, V., & Rosenthal, R. (1987). Paradoxical interventions: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 55, 22-28.
Robinson,
Lyons, L.C. & Woods,
P.J. (1991). The efficacy of
rational-emotive therapy: A quantitative
review of the outcome research. Clinical
Psychology Review, 11, 357-369.
Beutler, L.E.
(1991). Have all won and must all have
prizes? Revisiting Luborski et al.'s verdict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 59, 226-232.
Kazdin, A.E.
(1993). Psychotherapy for children and adolescents: Current progress and future
research directions. American Psychologist, 48, 644-657.
Jacobson,
Weisz, J.R., Weiss, B., Han, S.S., Granger, D. A., & Morton, T.
(1995) Effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents revisited: A
meta-analytic treatment outcome study. Psychological Bulletin, 117,
450-468.
Seligman, M.E.P. (1995). The effectiveness of
psychotherapy: The Consumer Reports Study. American Psychologist, 50, 965-974.
Chambliss, D. L. et al. (1996). An update on empirically validated therapies. Clinical
Psychology, 49, 5-14.
Chambliss, D. L., & Hollon,
S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported psychological interventions.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7-18.
** DeRubeis, R. J. & Crits-Cristoph,
P. (1998). Empirically supported individual and group
psychological treatments for adult mental disorders. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 37-52.
*Teasdale,
J.D., Scott, J., Moore, R.G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M.,
& Paykel, E.S. (2001). How does
cognitive therapy prevent relapse in residual depression? Evidence
from a controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
69, 347-357.
*Westen, D. &
Morrison, K. (2001). A multidimensional meta-analysis of treatments for
depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical examination
of the status of empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 69, 875-899.
**Lambert, M. J. (2001). The status of
empirically supported therapies: Comment on Westen
and Morrison’s (2001) multidimensional meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 69, 910-913.
Hansen, N.B., Lambert,
M.J., & Forman, E.M. (2002). The psychotherapy
dose-response effect and its implications for treatment delivery services.
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 329-344.
**Lambert, M.
& Ogles, B. (2004). The efficacy and effectiveness of
psychotherapy. In Handbook (Chapter 5).
**Thase, M. & Jindal, R.
(2004). Combining psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for
treatment of mental disorders. In Handbook (Chapt. 16).
**Stiles,
W. et al. (2003). Sudden gains in psychotherapy under routine clinic
conditions: Practice-based evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 71, 14-21.
Busch, A.M., Kanter,
J.W., Landes, S.J., & Kohlenberg,
R.J. (2006). Sudden gains and outcome: A broader temporal analysis of
cognitive therapy for depression. Behavior
Therapy, 37, 61-68.
Andrusyna,
T.P., Luborsky, L., Pham, T., & Tang, T.Z.
(2006).
Mechanisms of sudden gains in Supportive-Expressive therapy
for depression. Psychotherapy
Research, 16, 526-535.
Hofmann, S.G., Schulz, S.M., Meuret,
A.E., Moscovitch, D.A., & Suvak,
M. (2006). Sudden gains during therapy of social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 74, 687-697.
Great Debate I: Pro versus
Con--A therapist committed to the Scientist-Practitioner model should be
primarily concerned with using empirically supported treatments rather than
follow a theoretical system of therapy.
B.
Specific and Non-specific Effects.
Frank, J.
(1973).
Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy (2nd
ed.).
Kazdin, A. (1979). Nonspecific
treatment factors in psychotherapy outcome research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 47, 846-851.
Bootzin, R., &
Lick, J. (1979). Expectancies in therapy research: Interpretive artifact or mediating? Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 47, 837-845.
Andraski, T., & Holroyd, K. (1980). A test of specific and nonspecific
effect on the biofeedback treatment of tension headache. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 48, 575-586.
Prioleau, L., Murdoch, M., & Brody, N. (1983). An analysis of psychotherapy vs.
placebo studies. Behavioral and Brain
Sciences, 6, 275-310.
Critelli, J., &
Neumann, K. (1984). The placebo: Conceptual analysis of a construct in
transition. American Psychologist, 39,
32-39.
Parloff, M. (1986). Placebo controls in psychotherapy
research: A sine qua non or a placebo
for research problems? Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 79-87.
Wilkins, W.
(1986). Placebo
problems in psychotherapy research: Social-psychological alternatives to
chemotherapy concepts. American
Psychologist, 41, 551-556.
Barker, S.L., Funk, S.C.,
& Houston, B.K. (1988).
Psychological treatment versus nonspecific factors: A meta-analysis of conditions that engender
comparable expectations for improvement.
Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 579-594.
Bowers, T.G., & Clum, G.A. (1988).
Relative contribution of specific and nonspecific treatment
effects: Meta-analysis of
placebo-controlled behavior therapy research.
Psychological Bulletin, 103, 315-323.
Horvath, P. (1988). Placebos and common factors
in two decades of psychotherapy research. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 214-225.
Stiles, W.B. & Shapiro,
D.A. (1989). Abuse of the drug metaphor in
psychotherapy process-outcome research. Clinical Psychology Review, 9,
521-543.
Brody, N. (1990). Behavior therapy versus
placebo: Comment on Bower and Clumb's meta-analysis.
Psychological Bulletin, 107, 106-109.
Clumb, G.A. & Bowers, T.G. (1990). Behavior therapy better
than placebo treatments: Fact or artifact? Psychological Bulletin, 107,
110-113.
Ilardi, S.S. & Craighead, W. E. (1994). The
role of nonspecific factors in cognitive-behavior therapy for depression.
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 1, 138-156.
Krupnick, J.L., Sotsky, S.M., Simmens, S., Moyer,
J., Elkin,
*Stevens, S., Hynan, M. T. &
Allen, M. (2000) A meta-analysis of common
factor and specific treatment effects across the outcome domains of the phase
model of psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 273-290.
Barber, J.P.,
Connolly, M.B., Crits-Cristoph, P., Gladis, L., & Siqueland, L.
(2000).
Wampold, B. (2001).
The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings.
*Luborski, L.,
Rosenthal, R. Diguer, L., Andrusyna,
T., Berman, J.S., Levitt, J., Seligman, D.A., &
Krause, E.D. (2002). The Dodo bird verdict is alive
and well-mostly. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 2-12.
**Messer, S.B., & Wampold,
B.E. (2002) Let’s face facts: Common factors are more
potent than specific therapy ingredients. Clinical Psychology: Science and
Practice, 9, 21-25.
**Joyce,
A.S., Ogrodniczuk, J.S., Piper, W.E. & McCallum,
M. (2003). The alliance as mediator of expectancy effects in stort-term individual therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 672-679.
Paul, G.
(1966). Insight
vs. desensitization in psychotherapy: An experiment in anxiety reduction.
Diloreto, A. (1971). Comparative
psychotherapy: An experimental analysis.
Staples, T., Sloane, R.,
Whipple, K., Cristol, A., & Yorkstop,
N. (1976). Process and outcome in psychotherapy
and behavior therapy. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 340-350.
Paul, G., & Lentz, R. (1978). Psychosocial treatment of chronic
mental patients.
Strupp, H., &
Hadley, S. (1979). Specific vs. nonspecific factors in
psychotherapy. Archives of General
Psychiatry, 36, 1125-1136.
Lovaas, O. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal
educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 55, 3-9.
Borkovec, T.D., Mathews, A.M., Chambers, A., Ebrahimi,
S. Lytle, R., & Nelson, R. (1987).
The effects of relaxation training with cognitive or nondirective
therapy and the role of relaxation-induced anxiety in the treatment of
generalized anxiety. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 883-888.
Klosko, J.S., Barlow, D.H., Tassinari, R.,
& Cerny, J. A. (1990). A
comparison of Alprazolam and behavior therapy in
treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 58, 77-84.
*Elkin, I., Shea,
M.T., Watkins, J.T., Imber, S.D., Sotsky,
S.M., Collins, J.F., Glass, D.R., Pilkonis, P.A., Leber, W.R., Docherty, J. P., Riester,
S.J., & Parloff, M. b. (1989). NIMH treatment of
depression collaborative research
program: General effectiveness of treatments.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 971-983.
Elkin,
Ogles, B.M., Lambert, M.J.,
& Sawyer, J.D. (1995). Clinical significance of
the NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 321-326.
Jacobson,
74-80.
Klein, D.F. (1996). Preventing
hung juries about therapy studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
64, 81-87.
*Strupp, H.H.
(1993). The Vanderbuilt psychotherapy studies:
Synopsis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 431-433.
Borkovec, T.D. & Costello, E. (1993). Efficacy of applied
relaxation and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized
anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 611-619.
Shapiro, D., Rees, A., Barkham, M., Hardy, G., Reynolds, S., & Startup, M.
(1995). Effects of treatment duration and severity of
depression on the maintenance of gains after cognitive-behavioral and
psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology,63, 378-387.
*Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax. P. A., Addis, M. E., Doerner,
K., Gollan, J.K., Gortner,
E., & Prinz, S. E. (1996). A
component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 295-304.
Abramowitz, J. S. (1997). Effectiveness of
psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder:
A quantitative review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65,
44-52.
*Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K.,
& Woods, S. W. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral, imipramine,
or their combination for panic disorder: A randomized control trial. Journal of
the American Medical Association, 283, 2529-2536.
Borkovec, T.D., Mewman, M.G., Pincus,
A.L., & Lytle, R. (2002). A component analysis of
cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of
interpersonal problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70,
288-298.
*Dimidjian, S., Hollen, S.D.,
Dobson, K.S., Schmaling, K.B., Kohlenberg,
R.J., Addis, M.E., Gallop, R.G., McGlinchey, J.B.,
Markley, D.K., Gollan, J.K., Atkins, D.C., Dunner, D.L., & Jacobson, N.S. (2006). Randomized trial of behavioral Activation, Cognitive Therapy, and
antidepressant medication in the acute treatment of adults with major
depression. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 74, 658-670.
D.
Spontaneous
Recovery and Deterioration.
Baron, T., & Leary, T. (1955). Changes in psychoneurotic patients
with and without psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19, 239-245.
Cartwright, O. (1955). Effectiveness of Psychotherapy: A critique of the spontaneous remission
argument. Journal of
Counseling Psychology, 2, 290-295.
Bergin, A. (1966). Some implications of psychotherapy
research for therapeutic practice.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 235-246.
Strupp, H., Hadley,
S., & Somes-Schwartz, B. (1977). Psychotherapy for better or
worse: An analysis of the problem of
negative effects.
Braucht, G. (1970). The deterioration effect: A reply to Bergin. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 75, 300-302.
May, P. (1971). For better or for worse? Psychotherapy and variance change? A critical review of the
literature. Journal of Nervous
and Mental Disorders,
152, 185-192.
Subotnik, L. (1972). Spontaneous remission: Fact or artifact? Psychological Bulletin, 77, 32-48.
Malan, D. (1976). The outcome problem
in psychotherapy research: A historical
review. Archives of General Psychiatry,
29, 719-729.
Frank, J.
(1973).
Persuasion and healing.
Lambert, M. (1976). Spontaneous remission in
adult neurotic disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 107-119.
*Tracey,
T. (1987). Interactional
correlates of premature termination.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 784-788.
Mohr, D. (1995). Negative outcome in
psychotherapy: A critical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and practice, 2,1-27.
*Binder, J.
L. & Strupp, H. H. (1997). "Negative
process": A recurrently discovered and underestimated facet of therapeutic
process and outcome in the individual psychotherapy of adults. Clinical
Psychology: Science and Practice, 4, 121-139.
E. Outcome
Criteria and Assessment of Improvement.
*Garfield, S., Prager, R., & Bergin, A. (1971). Evaluation of outcome in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 37, 307-313.
Fiske, D. (1971). The shaky evidence
is slowly put together. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 37, 314-315.
Luborski, L. (1971). Perennial mystery of poor agreement
among criteria for psychotherapy outcome.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 37, 320-322.
Garfield, S., Prager, R., & Bergin, A. (1971). Evaluating outcome in
psychotherapy: A hardy perennial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 37, 316-319.
Mintz, J.
(1972). What is "success" in
psychotherapy? Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 10-19.
Mintz, J., Luborski, L., & Christoph,
P. (1979). Measure of the outcome of
psychotherapy: Findings of the Penn
Psychotherapy Project. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 319-334.
*Sorenson, R.L., Gorsuch,
R.L., & Mintz, J.
(1985). Moving targets: Patients' changing complaints during
psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 53, 49-54.
*
Lambert, M.J. & Hill,
C.E. (1994). Assessing psychotherapy outcome and
process. In Handbook (Chapter 3, pp. 72-89).
Hill, C. & Lambert, M.
(2004). Methodological issues in studying psychotherapy processes and
outcomes. In Handbook (Chapt. 4).
F. Design Problems in Outcome Research.
Paul, G.
(1967).
Strategy of outcome research in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31, 109-118.
Paul, G.
(1969).
Behavior modification research.
In C. Franks, Behavior therapy: Appraisal and status.
Hollon, S., & DeRubeis, R. (1981). Placebo-psychotherapy combinations:
Inappropriate representations of psychotherapy in drug-psychotherapy
comparative trials. Psychological
Bulletin, 90, 467-477.
Kazdin, A. (1982). Symptom
substitution: Generalization and
response covariation: Implications for psychotherapy
outcome. Psychological Bulletin, 91,
349-365.
Nicholson, R., & Berman, J. (1983). Is follow-up necessary in evaluating
psychotherapy? Psychological Bulletin,
93, 261-278.
Kazdin, A.E. (1986). Research designs and methodology. In Handbook (Chapter 2).
Kazdin, A.E., & Bass, D. (1989). Power to
detect differences between alternative treatments in comparative psychotherapy
outcome research. Journal of Consultant and Clinical
Psychology, 57,138-147.
Kendall, P., Holmbeck, G., & Verduin, T.
(2004). Methodology, design, and evaluation in
psychotherapy research. In Handbook (Chapt. 2).
III.
Therapist
Variables
The
Great Debate II: Pro versus Con—The best therapists
are the ones who have acquired both a) a fundamental knowledge of the
established principles of psychology through formal education and b) many years
of supervised experience in doing manualized
treatments.
Whitehorn, J. & Betz, B.
(1954). A
study of psychotherapeutic relationships between physicians and schizophrenic
patients. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 3, 321-331.
McNair, D., Callahan, D., & Lorr, M. (1962). Therapist
"type" and patient responseto
psychotherapy. Journal
of Consulting Psychology, 26, 425-429.
Chartier, R. (1967). A-B variable in psychotherapy: Real or imagined? Psychological Bulletin, 75,
22-33.
Lambert, M., Dejulio, S., & Stein, D. (1978). Therapist inter personal skill:Process, outcome, methodological consideration and
recommendations for future research.
Psychological Bulletin, 85, 467-489.
Luborski, L., Mintz, J., & Christoph,
P. (1979). Are psychotherapeutic changes
predictable: Comparison of a
**Jones, E.,
& Zoppel, C.
(1982). Impact
of client and therapist gender on psychotherapy process and outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 50, 259-272.
Hattie, J., Sharpley, C., & Rogers, H. (1984). Comparative effectiveness of
professional and paraprofessional helpers.
Psychological Bulletin, 95, 534-541.
Berman, J. & Norton, N. (1985). Does professional training make a
therapist more effective? Psychological
Bulletin, 98, 401-407
Beutler, L.E., Machado, P.P.P., &
O'Malley, S.S., Foley, S.H.
Rounsaville, B.J., Watkins, J.T., Satsky,
S.M.,
Psychology,
56, 496-501.
Lambert, M.J. (1989).
The individual therapist's contribution to psychotherapy process and outcome. Clinical
Psychology Review, 9, 469-485.
Lafferty, P., Beutler, L.E., & Crago, M. (1989)
Differences between more and less effective psychotherapists: A study of select
therapist variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57,
76-80.
Crits-Christoph, P., & Mintz, J. (1991). Implications of Therapists
Effects for the design and analysis of comparative studies of psychotherapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
59, 20-26.
Burns, D.D. & Nolen-Hoeksema,
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Client Variables
The Great Debate III: Pro versus Con—A thorough diagnostic assessment (including diagnosis, cognitive functioning, and personality traits) is an essential first step to successful therapy.
Auerbach, A., Luborski, L., & Johnson, M. (1972). Clinicians' predictions of outcome of psychotherapy: A trial of a prognostic index. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 830-835.
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Gomez-Schwartz, B. (1979). Effective ingredients in
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Beutler, L. (1979). Toward specific psychological
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Luborski, L., Mintz, J., Auerbach,
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Steinmetz, J., Lewinsohn, P., & Antonuccio,
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Dance, K.A., & Neufeld,
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Talley, P.F., Strupp, H.H., & Morey, L.C. (1990). Matchmaking
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Mohr, D.C, Beutler, L.E., Engle, D., Shoham-Salomon,
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**Orlinski, D., Ronestad, M., & Willutzki, U.
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Ford, D., & Urban, H. (1963). Systems of psychotherapy: A comparative study.
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the psychology of behavior change.
Bergin, A., & Strupp, H.
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Hynan, M.
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ineffective. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 18, 11-13.
Kiesler, C. (1982). Mental hospitals and alternative
care. American Psychologist, 37,
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Cowen, E. (1982). Help is where you find it. American Psychologist, 37, 385-395.
Shawver, L. (1983). On the hazards of assuming that the
techniques of psychotherapy are ineffective:
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Garfield, S., Klein, D.,
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on "The bottom line."
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Messer, S. (1986). Behavioral and psychoanalytic
perspectives at therapeutic choice points.
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Strupp, H.H.
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Lazarus, A.A. (1990). If
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Strupp, H.H.
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Heinicke, C.M.
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Bergin, A.E. &
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Howard, K.I., Lueger, R.J., Maling, M.S., &
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Kopta, S., Howard, K., Lowry, J. & Beutler,
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Schulberg, H. & Rush, A. (1994). Clinical practice guidelines for
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Munox, R. Hollon, S., McGrath, E., Rehm, L.
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**Meehl, P. E. (1997). Credentialed
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Wampold, B.E., Mondin, G. W., Moody, M., Stich, F., Benson, K., & Ahn,
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Stathopullou, G., Powers, M.B.,
VI.
Values,
Ethics, and Culture in Psychotherapy
Bergin, A. (1991). Values and religious issues in psychotherapy and mental health. American Psychologist, 46, 394-403.
Bergin, A. (1980). Psychotherapy and religious
value. Journal of Consulting and
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Ellis, A. (1980). Psychotherapy and religious
value. Journal of Consulting and
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Walls, G. (1980). Values and psychotherapy: A comment on "Psychotherapy and religious
values." Journal of Consulting and
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Bergin, A. (1980). Religious and humanistic values: A reply to Ellis and Walls. Journal of
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Everstene, L., Everstene, D., Heyman, G., True,
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Hays, J., Kazan, S., & Noll, J. (1981). Comments on Everstene
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American Psychological
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