SIGMUND FREUD
Core Characteristics
I. ID, has energy called libido.
A. Life instincts, ex., hunger, thirst, & SEX
B. Death instincts, which through displacement cause human aggression
The Id is guided by
A. The Pleasure Principle (tension reduction of the libido is pleasurable).
B. Primary Process Thought (dream-like fantasy)
4 Features to an instinct
II. EGO, begins development at about 6 mo. is guided by
A. The Reality Principle (knows externa reality), and
B. Secondary Process Thought (logic and reasoning).
III. SUPEREGO, which comes from being rewarded and punished (like the conscience)
Rewards produce the Ego Ideal; punishments produce the Conscience
The Superego produces anxiety by remembering previously punished actions. Anxiety is a tension that we always want to reduce.
Reality anxiety
Neurotic anxiety
Moral anxiety
The Ego functions to find realistic objects of gratification for the ID that are morally acceptable to the Superego. The Ego works to maximize instinctual gratification (Id demands) while minimizing anxiety and guilt (Superego demands) by using defense mechanisms.
The Ego forms a cathexis for objects that reliably produce tension reduction of libidinal energy.
The Superego forms a counter-cathexis to block energy discharge until a realistic and morally acceptable object of gratification is found.
Development occurs during the PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
Fixation during a psychosexual stage is undesirable. Fixation occurs when the Id is over gratified or under gratified. Fixation is incomplete personality development.
I. ORAL STAGE
A. 0mo. Oral incorporative (erotic, dependent)]
B. 6 mo.-1 yr. Oral aggressive (sadistic)
II. ANAL STAGE: 1 YR. TO 2-3 YR.
C. Anal Retentive (under gratify)
D. Anal Expulsive-aggressive (over gratify)
III.PHALLIC STAGE: 3 YR. TO 5-6 YR.
This is the time of the OEDIPUS/electra complex
D. Phallic Character #1-no labels (over gratification)--a dramatic, histrionic person
E. Phallic Character #2-no label (under gratification)--a withdrawn, schizoid person
The latency period lasts from 5-6 yrs. until puberty.
IV. GENITAL STAGE; puberty till death
F. GENITAL CHARACTER- the most “mature” personality type.
When stressed during adulthood, people regress back to their psychosexual stage of fixation.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS are all unconscious, and they deny or distort reality.
Conscious: What we are aware of in the present time
Preconscious: Memories that can be recalled with sufficient cues.
Unconscious: Memories forced into the unconscious (and very difficult to retrieve) because they are very anxiety provoking.
The ID is completely unconscious. The Ego and Superego have functions that are conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
Major defense mechanisms
Oral Stage
IDENTIFICATION
INTROJECTION
PROJECTION
DENIAL
Anal Stage
RATIONALIZATION
REACTION-FORMATION
Phallic Stage
REPRESSION versus Suppression (which is not a defense mechanism)
Genital State
DISPLACEMENT
SUBLIMATION
REGRESSION
PERIPHERAL PERSONALITY TYPES
1. ORAL DEPENDENT
2. ORAL AGGRESSIVE
3. ANAL RETENTIVE
4. ANAL EXPULSIVE
5. PHALLIC “HISTRIONIC, NARCISSUS” TYPE
6. PHALLIC “SCHIZOID” TYPE
7. GENITAL TYPE-- The best that we can be is, “Arbeiten und Lieben”
Anna O was a famous patient of Freud’s who suffered from a conversion disorder, known as “hysteria” in those days.
Freud’s Clues to the Unconscious
1. Hypnosis
2. Slips of the tongue.
3. Psychoanalysis-causing transference
4. Dreams
Freud believed that his lack of acceptance was due to his ideas disappointing peoples lofty views of themselves. So Freud classified himself with these great thinkers
1. Galileo--”The earth is not the center of the universe”
2. Darwin,--”Human beings are the biological cousins of the apes”
3. Freud,--”Human rationality and intelligence is caused and determined by our biological structure, which is primarily sexually motivated.”
</pre>