SIGMUND FREUD
Core
Characteristics
I.
ID, has energy called libido.
A.
Life instincts, ex., hunger, thirst, & SEX
B. Death
instincts, which through displacement cause human aggression
The Id is guided by
A. The Pleasure Principle (tension reduction of the libido is pleasurable).
B. Primary Process Thought (dream-like fantasy)
II.EGO, begins development at about 6 mo. is guided by
A. The Reality Principle (knows external reality), and
B. Secondary Process Thought (logic and reasoning).
III.
SUPEREGO, which comes from being
rewarded and punished (like the conscience)
Rewards produce the Ego Ideal; punishments produce the Conscience
The Superego produces anxiety by remembering previously
punished actions. Anxiety is a tension that we always want to reduce.
A.
Reality anxiety
B. Neurotic anxiety
C. Moral anxiety
The Ego functions to find
realistic objects of gratification for the ID that are morally acceptable to
the Superego.
Core Tendency: The Ego works
to maximize instinctual gratification (Id demands) while minimizing anxiety and
guilt (Superego demands) by using defense mechanisms.
The Ego forms a cathexis for objects that reliably
produce tension reduction of libidinal energy.
The Superego forms a counter-cathexis to block energy
discharge until a realistic and morally acceptable object of gratification is
found.
Development
occurs during the PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
Fixation during
a psychosexual stage is undesirable. Fixation occurs when the Id is over
gratified or under gratified. Fixation is incomplete personality development.
I.
ORAL STAGE
A. 0 mo.- 6 mo. Oral incorporative (erotic, dependent)]
B. 6 mo.- 1 yr. Oral aggressive (sadistic)
II.
ANAL STAGE: 1 YR. TO 2-3 YR.
C. Anal retentive (under gratify)
D. Anal Expulsive-aggressive (over gratify)
READ: CHAPTER 2
III.PHALLIC
STAGE: 3 YR. TO 5-6 YR.
This is the time of the OEDIPUS/ELECTRA complex
D. Phallic
Character #1-no labels (over
gratification)--a dramatic, histrionic person
E. Phallic
Character #2-no label (under gratification)--a
withdrawn, schizoid person
The latency period
lasts from 5-6 yrs. until puberty.
IV.
GENITAL STAGE; puberty till death
F. GENITAL
CHARACTER- the most “mature”
personality type.
When stressed during
adulthood, people regress back
to their psychosexual stage of fixation.
DEFENSE
MECHANISMS are all unconscious, and they deny or
distort reality.
Conscious: What we are aware of in the present time
Preconscious: Memories that can be recalled with sufficient cues.
Unconscious: Memories forced into the unconscious (and very difficult to retrieve)
because they are very anxiety provoking. Also, certain psychological processes
(e.g., ID functions and defense mechanisms) are unconscious.
The ID is completely
unconscious. The Ego and Superego have functions that are conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious.
Major defense mechanisms
Oral
Stage
IDENTIFICATION, INTROJECTION,
PROJECTION, DENIAL
Anal
Stage
RATIONALIZATION,
REACTION-FORMATION
Phallic
Stage
REPRESSION versus
Suppression (which is not a defense mechanism). This general
conceptualization, found in most text books, is in fact not accurate. Freud
used the terms “Repression” and “Suppression” interchangeably. Prior to 1915,
defenses could also operate consciously or unconsciously. Only in theorizing
after 1915 were defense processes unconscious.
Genital
Stage
DISPLACEMENT,
SUBLIMATION,
REGRESSION
PERIPHERAL
PERSONALITY TYPES
1. ORAL DEPENDENT
2. ORAL AGGRESSIVE
3. ANAL RETENTIVE
4. ANAL EXPULSIVE
5. PHALLIC “HISTRIONIC,
NARCISSUS” TYPE
6. PHALLIC “SCHIZOID” TYPE
7. GENITAL TYPE-- The best that we can be is, “Arbeiten und Lieben”
Freud’s Clues to the
Unconscious
1. Hypnosis: Anna O
was a famous patient of Freud’s who suffered from a conversion disorder, known
as “hysteria” in those days
2. Slips of the tongue.
Read:
3. Psychoanalysis-causing transference, the goal is
insight. The client’s neurotic misery is transformed into ordinary unhappiness.
Time magazine,
4. Dreams: Latent Content>is
transformed by Dreamwork into>Manifest
Content
Freud believed that his lack
of acceptance was due to his ideas disappointing peoples’ lofty views of
themselves. So Freud classified himself with these great thinkers
1. Galileo--”The earth is
not the center of the universe”
2.
3. Freud,--”Human
rationality and intelligence is caused and determined by our biological
structure, which is primarily sexually motivated.”