SIGMUND FREUD
The historical importance of the treatment of hysteria
(conversion disorder).
Core Characteristics
I. ID, has energy
called libido.
A. Life instincts, ex., hunger, thirst,
& most
important SEX
B. Death
instinct, which through displacement causes human aggression
The Id is
guided by
A. The
Pleasure Principle (tension reduction of libidinal energy is pleasurable).
B. Primary Process Thought
(dream-like fantasy)
II. EGO, begins
development at about 6 mo. is guided by
A. The
Reality Principle (knows external reality), and
B. Secondary Process Thought (logic and reasoning).
III. SUPEREGO, which
comes from being rewarded and punished (like the conscience)
The Superego
produces anxiety by remembering previously punished actions. Anxiety is a
tension that we always want to reduce.
The Ego functions to (A) find realistic objects of
gratification for the ID that (B) are morally acceptable to the Superego.
Core Tendency: The Ego works to maximize instinctual
gratification (Id demands) while minimizing anxiety and guilt (Superego
demands) by using defense mechanisms.
Development occurs
during the PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES (pp.
208-215)
Fixation during a
psychosexual stage is undesirable. Fixation occurs when the Id is over
gratified or under gratified. Fixation is incomplete personality development.
I. ORAL STAGE
A. 0 mo – 6 mo. Oral Incorporative
(erotic, dependent)
B. 6 mo. – 1 yr. Oral Aggressive (sadistic)
II. ANAL STAGE: 1YR. TO 2-3
YR.
C. Anal Retentive-(under-gratify)
D. Anal Expulsive-aggressive (over-
Gratify
III. PHALLIC STAGE: 3 YR. TO 5-6
YR.
This is the time of the OEDIPUS/ELECTRA Complex
E. Phallic Character #1-no labels
(over- gratification)--a dramatic, histrionic person
F. Phallic Character #2-no label
(under-gratification)--a withdrawn, schizoid person
The latency period lasts from 5-6 yrs. until puberty.
IV. GENITAL STAGE; puberty
till death
G. GENITAL CHARACTER- the most
“mature” personality type.
“Arbeiten und lieben.”
When stressed during adulthood, people regress back to their psychosexual
stage of fixation.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS are all unconscious,
and they deny or distort reality.
Conscious: What we are
aware of in the present
Preconscious: Memories
that can be recalled with sufficient cues.
Unconscious: Memories
forced into the unconscious (and very difficult to retrieve) because they are
very anxiety provoking. Also, ID processes and defense mechanisms (EGO
processes) are unconscious.
The ID is completely unconscious. The Ego and Superego
have functions that are conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
Major defense mechanisms:
IDENTIFICATION
INTROJECTION
PROJECTION
DENIAL
RATIONALIZATION (INTELLECTUALIZATION)
REACTION-FORMATION
DISPLACEMENT
SUBLIMATION
REGRESSION
REPRESSION versus Suppression (which is not a defense mechanism).
This is the modern distinction made between repression and suppression. Freud
actually used the two terms interchangeably.
Freud’s Clues to the Unconscious
1.
Hypnosis
Anna O was a
famous patient of Freud’s who suffered from a conversion disorder, known as
“hysteria” in those days.
2. Slips of
the tongue.
3. Psychoanalysis-causing transference The goal is insight. The effect on the client is to replace
neurotic misery with ordinary human unhappiness.
“Happiness Isn’t
4. Dreams
Freud believed that his lack of acceptance was due to
his ideas disappointing peoples’ lofty views of themselves. So
Freud classified himself with these great thinkers
1. Copernicus & Galileo , Earth is not the center
of the universe.
2.
3. Freud, Our rationality and intelligence are caused
and determined by our biological structure, which is primarily sexually
motivated.
EVALUATION:
1.
Conflict theories have poorly defined concepts that
often can’t be measured.
2.
Many aspects of conflict theories can not be refuted
because they are not testable. A theory that can explain everything is not a
good theory.
3.
Psychoanalytic therapies have never proved superior to
other therapies.
4.
Most psychologists agree that there are unconscious
processes.
5.
Most psychologists agree that people do use defense
mechanisms.