Weights and Measures, Ancient and Modern, of Europe and Asia

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SI units

Metric system

Other systems

UK unit systems

US customary units

Unit systems from antiquity

Obsolete national and regional systems

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SI units

Derived from the eighteenth century metric system, Systeme International d'Unites (abbreviated to SI in all languages), supersedes the metric system in scientific and technical usage, by providing seven coherent units as standards applicable to all disciplines, rather than relying on physical artifacts as a basis of measurement.

When a system is coherent, all units use the numerical factor of one. For example, the unit of velocity is the metre (meter) per second, which is equal to 1 metre (meter) / 1 second.

Adopted at the 1960 General Conference on Weights and Measures, the units employed in the SI are listed below:

Base Units

Quantity Name of unit Symbol
length metre (meter) m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd

Supplementary Units

Quantity Name of unit Symbol
plane angle radian rad
solid angle steradian sr

All major counties with the exception of the U.S. adopted the SI system by the early 1970s. The U.S. agreed to move to the SI over a period of ten years, following investigations into the impact of the metric and SI systems.

- meter : The meter is the length equal to 1650763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the levels 2p10 and 5d5 of the krypton-86 atom.

- kilogram : The kilogram is a unit of mass (not force). A prototype of the kilogram made of platinum-iridium is kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Sevres, France. (The kilogram is the only base unit having a prefix and defined by an artifact.)

- second : The second is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.

- ampere : The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2E-7 m kg/s2 (newton) per meter of length.

- kelvin : The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. The kelvin is a unit of thermodynamic temperature (T). The word (or symbol) "degree" is not used with kelvin. The Celsius (formerly centigrade) temperature is also used. Celsius temperature (symbol t) is defined by the equation t=T-T0, where T0 is equals to 273.15 K. A degree Celsius is thus equal to one kelvin. The term centigrade should not be used because of possible confusion with the French unit of angular measurement, the grade.

- mole : The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilograms of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.

- candela : The candele is the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of 1/600000 square meter of a black-platinum (2045 K) under a pressure of 101325 m-1 kg s-2.

- radian : The radian is the plane angle between two radii of circle which cuts off, on the circumference, an arc equal in length to the radius(pure number).

- steradian : The steradian is the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.

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Metric system

The metric system was established in France in 1799 with the adoption of the standard metric metre. The name comes from the Greek word metron, meaning 'a measure'. It is a decimal system of measurement, that defines standards of length, mass and capacity, as well as defining prefixes for multiple and sub-multiples.

The system began with the work of Gabriel Mouton, vicar of St. Pauls Church, Lyon in 1670, who put forward a length of measure that would be equal to the arc of one minute of longitude subdivided decimally.

Following more than one hundred and twenty years of debate and revision, the surveys of two engineers, Jean Delambre and Pierre Mechain, (commissioned by the imprisoned King Louis XVI) were used to define the metre, as being one ten-millionth part of a meridional quadrant of the Earth, (measured from Barcelona, Spain to Dunkirk, Northern France).

The metric system quickly spread through Europe as a result of the French revolution and Napoleons campaigns. The metric system became the legal monopoly in France in 1840.

All major counties, with the exception of the U.S., and to a lesser degree the U.K. have adopted the metric system. The U.S. was a signatory to the Metric Convention of 1875, and in 1893 the U.S. Office of Weights and Measures announced that the prototype metre (meter in the U.S.) and kilogram would be used to derive all U.S. customary units. In 1963, the U.K. weights and measures were redefined in terms of the metric system, and in 1965, a national changeover began.

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Other Systems

Most systems are derived from either the metric or imperial systems, the main difference being in the base unit used, and the selection of other acceptable units and derived units.

Differences in the systems may also be manifested by whether the system is coherent or not. When a system is coherent, all units use the numerical factor of one. For example, in the SI system (which is coherent), the unit of velocity is the metre (meter) per second, which is equal to 1 metre (meter) / 1 second.

Metric Systems

Name Description Coherent
CGS Replaced by the SI system, was introduced on the advice of Kelvin. Yes
Mie A mixing of CGS and MKS systems, formerly used mainly in Germany. Yes
MkgfS Used in engineering, but not often used now. No
MKS Also called the Giorgi system. Yes
MTS Introduced in 1914 and mainly used in France. Yes

Imperial Systems

Name Description Coherent
FlbfS Used in engineering as an alternative to the FPS and FSS systems. No
FPS Previously used in the U.S. and U.K. Yes
FSS Used in engineering as an alternative to the FPS system. Yes
Stroud Introduced in 1880 by Stroud. No

Arbitrary Systems

Name Description Coherent
Hartree This is a natural system introduced in 1927 to for use in atomic work. Yes

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UK unit systems

The imperial system, developed over many hundreds of years, mainly through popular usage, from medieval times. In most counties, with the exception of the U.S. and Britain and her colonies, the ancient imperial systems, were replaced with the metric system.

Because of the abuse of the weights and measures, a charter was included in the Magna Carta of 1215 to correct those of wine and grain. In 1218, a royal ordinance entitled Assize of Weights and Measures, defined many of the imperial units.

The Champagne Fairs influenced the development of the three systems of weights, where standardisation was required. Those systems were called troy (from the city Troyes), avoirdupois and apothecaries?.

Several redefinitions occurred in the U.K. over time, most notably in 1486 after a Parliamentary inquiry; in 1588 under Elizabeth I; in 1701 when the corn bushel was defined; in 1707 when the wine gallon was defined; the new Weights and Measures Act of 1824; the Act of 1878 which redefined the yard; and in 1963 all weights and measure were redefined in terms of the metric system, and the change over to the metric system began.

UK units of length

UK linear measures

1 ft = 0.3048 m
UK stat. league UK stat. mile Pole(rd) Yard(yd) Cubit(cu) Foot(ft) Span(sp) Hand(hd) Palm(plm) Inch(in) UK line(line)
1 =3 =960 =5,280 =10,560 =15,840 =21,120 =47,520 =63,360 =190,080 =2,280,960

1 =320 =1,760 =3,520 =5,280 =7,040 =15,840 =21,120 =63,360 =760,320


1 =11/2 =11 =16.5 =22 =49.5 =66 =198 =2,376



1 =2 =3 =4 =9 =12 =36 =432




1 =3/2 =2 =9/2 =6 =18 =216





1 =4/3 =3 =4 =12 =144






1 =9/4 =3 =9 =108







1 =4/3 =4 =48








1 =3 =36









1 =12

Other UK units of length

1 skein = 360 foot
1 bolt = 120 foot
1 shackle = 90 foot
1 rope = 20 foot
1 ell = 45 inches
1 nail = 9 inches
1 span = 9 inches
1 barleycorn = 1/3 inches
1 caliber = 0.01 inches
1 mil = 0.001 inches
1 mil = 360 thou

UK nautical measures

1 mile(UK natical) = 1853.184 m
UK nautical league UK nautical mile UK cable langth UK nautical chain Fathom(fath) Yard(yd) Foot(ft) Inch(in)
1 =3 =30 =1,216 =3,040 =6,080 =18,240 =218,880

1 =10 =1,216/3 =3,040/3 =6,080/3 =6,080 =72,960


1 =608/15 =304/3 =608/3 =608 =7,296



1 =5/2 =5 =15 =180




1 =2 =6 =72





1 =3 =36






1 =12

UK surveyors' measures

1 chain(Gunter's) = 20.1168 m
Statute mile Furlong(fur) Gunter's chain(ch) Rod(rd) Yard(yd) Foot(ft) Gunter's link(lk)
1 =8 =80 =320 =1,760 =5,280 =8,000

1 =10 =40 =220 =660 =1,000


1 =4 =22 =66 =100



1 =5.5 =16.5 =25




1 =3 =50/11





1 =50/33

UK units of area

UK measures of area

1 ft2 = 9.290304E-2 m2
Square mile Square rod Square rod Square foot Square inch
1 =102,400 =3,097,600 =27,878,400 =4,014,489,600

1 =121/4 =1,089/9 =39,204


1 =9 =1,296



1 =144

UK surveyors' measure

1 ft2 = 9.290304E-2 m2
Section of land Acre Rood Square chain Square rod Square foot Square inch
1 =640 =1,600 =6,400 =102,400 =27,878,400 =64,000,000

1 =4 =10 =160 =43,560 =100,000


1 =5/2 =40 =10,890 =25,000



1 =16 =4,356 =10,000




1 =1,089/4 =625





1 =2,500/1,089

Circular units

1 cin = 5.067074791E-4 m2
Circular inch(cin) Circular millimeter(cmm) Circular mil(cmil)
=4.014E9 =2.590E12 =4.015E15
=144 =92,903.04 =144,000,270
1 =645.16 =1,000,000

1 =1,550

UK units of volume and capacity

UK measures of volume

1 ft3 = 2.831684659E-2 m3
Cubic mile Register ton Rod Cubic yard Cubic foot Cubic inch
1 =5,451,770 =54,517,760 =5,451,776,000 =1.472E11 =2.543E14

1 =10 =1,000 =27,000 =46,602,000


1 =100 =2700 =4,660,200



1 =27 =46,656




1 =1,728

UK liquid measure

1 gallon(UK) = 4.546092E-3 m3
Wey Chaldron Bag Bucket Gallon Pottle Quart Pint Gill Fluid ounce Fluid dram Minim
1 =10/9 =40/3 =80 =320 =640 =1,280 =2,560 =10,240 =51,200 =409,600 =24,576,000

1 =12 =72 =288 =576 =1,152 =2,304 =9,216 =46,080 =368,640 =22,118,400


1 =6 =24 =48 =96 =188 =752 =3,760 =30,080 =1,804,800



1 =4 =8 =16 =32 =128 =640 =5,120 =307,200




1 =2 =4 =8 =32 =160 =1,280 =76,800





1 =2 =4 =16 =80 =640 =38,400






1 =2 =8 =40 =320 =19,200







1 =4 =20 =160 =9,600








1 =5 =40 =2,400









1 =8 =480










1 =60

UK dry measure

1 gallon(UK) = 4.546092E-3 m3
Wey Chaldron Sack Bushel Bucket Peck Gallon Quart Pint
1 =10/9 =40/3 =40 =80 =160 =320 =1,280 =2,560

1 =12 =36 =72 =144 =288 =1,152 =2,304


1 =3 =6 =12 =24 =96 =188



1 =2 =4 =8 =32 =64




1 =2 =4 =16 =32





1 =2 =8 =16






1 =4 =8







1 =2

Other UK capacity units

1 last = 640 gallons
1 butt = 108 gallons
1 puncheon = 70 gallons
1 seam = 64 gallons
1 hogshead = 63 gallons
1 quarter = 1 seam
1 coomb = 32 gallons
1 kilderkin = 18 gallons
1 strike = 16 gallons
1 firkin = 9 gallons
1 roquille = 1 gill
1 noggin = 1 roquille
1 quartern = 1 gill
1 drop = 1 minim

UK units of weight

UK avoirdupois weight

In about 1300, London merchants, influenced by the French, adopted a system of weights called avoirdupois (from the old French term, aveir-de-peis), meaning 'goods of weight'.

This system, used to weigh bulkier goods, was based on a pound of 7,000 grains or 16 ounces. It is still used in some English-speaking countries.

1 lb av.(WMA,1963) = 0.45359237 kg
Ton Wey, Load Hundredweight Quarter Stone Clove Pound Ounce Dram Grain
1 =80/9 =20 =80 =160 =280 =2,240 =35,840 =573,440 =15,680,000

1 =9/4 =9 =18 =63/2 =252 =4,032 =64,512 =1,764,000


1 =4 =8 =28 =112 =1,792 =28,672 =784,000



1 =2 =7/2 =28 =448 =7,168 =196,000




1 =7/4 =14 =224 =3,584 =98,000





1 =8 =128 =2,084 =56,000






1 =16 =256 =7,000







1 =16 =437.5








1 =27.34375

UK apothecaries' weight

This is a system that had been developed by medieval apothecaries, a Latin term which means a person who sells spices and drugs, or an old term for pharmacist.

Until very recently the system was similar to the troy system, with 5,760 grains or 12 ounces to the pound.

Most pharmacists and physicians now use the metric system.

1 lb apoth. = 0.3732417216 kg
Pound Ounce Drachm Scruple Grain
1 =12 =96 =288 =5,760

1 =8 =24 =480


1 =3 =60



1 =20

UK troy weight

During the 15th century, a system of weights was developed called the troy system, probably named for the ounce of Troyes, France.

It was primarily used by jewelers to weigh gold, silver, and precious metals. The troy ounce is made up of 480 grains, with 12 ounces to the pound.

1 lb troy = 0.3732417216 kg
Pound Ounce Pennyweight Grain
1 =12 =240 =5,760

1 =20 =480


1 =24

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US customary units

Although the U.S. passed the Metric Act of 1866, which permitted the use of the metric system in the United States, it is still the only major nation, not to have adopted the metric system. It has been hard for the metric system to gain acceptance in the U.S., and this was foreshadowed as early as 1821, when Secretary of State, John Quincy admitted the impossibility of the metric system winning acceptance in the United States, in his famous report to congress.

The U.S. was a signatory to the Metric Convention of 1875, and in 1893 the U.S. Office of Weights and Measures announced that the prototype metre/meter and kilogram would be used to derive all U.S. customary units. Yet, the U.S. still resists the change to the metric system.

The U.S. customary system was based on the British imperial system, but several deviations have occurred over time.

>/font> US customary units of length

US linear measure

1 ft = 0.3048 m
Statute league Statute mile Pole(rd) Yard(yd) Foot(ft) Inch(in) Line
1 =3 =960 =5,280 =15,840 =190,080 =7,603,200

1 =320 =1,760 =5,280 =63,360 =2,534,400


1 =5.5 =16.5 =198 =7,920



1 =3 =36 =1,440




1 =12 =480





1 =40

US nautical measure

1 mile(US,naut.) = 1853.184 m
Nautical league Nautical mile Cable length(cbl) Fathom Yard(yd) Foot(ft) Inch(in)
1 =3 =30 =3,040 =6,080 =18,240 =218,880

1 =76/9 =9,120/9 =18,240/9 =6,080 =72,960


1 =120 =240 =720 =8,640



1 =2 =6 =72




1 =3 =36





1 =12

US surveyors' measure

1 chain(Ramsden's or Engineer's) = 30.48 m
Statute mile Furlong(fur) Ramsden's chain Rod Foot(ft) Ramsden's link(lk)
1 =8 =52.8 =320 =8,000 =8,000

1 =6.6 =40 =1,000 =1,000


1 =6 =100 =100



1 =16.5 =16.5




1 =1
1 rod = 1 perch = 1 pole
1 land = 1 statute mile

US customary units of area

US measures of area

1 square ft = 9.290304E-2 square meter
Square mile Square rod Square yard Square foot Square inch
1 =102,400 =3,097,600 =27,878,400 =4,014,489,600

1 =121/4 =1,089/4 =39,204


1 =9 =1,296



1 =144
1 rod = 1 perch = 1 pole
1 section of land = 1 square statute mile

US surveyors' measure

1 square ft = 9.290304 square meter
Square mile Square chain Square rod Square foot Square link
1 =6,400 =230,400 =62,726,400 =143,999,742

1 =36 =9,801 =22,500


1 =1,089/3 =625



1 =22,500/9,801

Circular units

1 cin = 5.067074791E-4 m2
Circular inch(cin) Circular millimeter(cmm) Circular mil(cmil)
=4.014E9 =2.590E12 =4.015E15
=144 =92,903.04 =144,000,270
1 =645.16 =1,000,000

1 =1,550

US units of volume and capacity

US measures of volume

1 cubic ft = 2.831684659E-2 cubic meter
Cubic mile Cubic yard Cubic foot Cubic inch
1 =5,451,776,000 =1.472E11 =2.543E14

1 =27 =46,656


1 =1,728

US liquid measure

1 gallon(US,liquid) = 3.785411784E-3 cubic meter
Tun Hogshead Barrel Gallon Quart Pint Gill Fluid ounce Fluid dram Minim
1 =4 =8 =252 =1,008 =2,016 =8,064 =32,256 =258,048 =15,482,880

1 =2 =63 =252 =504 =2,016 =8,064 =64,512 =3,870,720


1 =31.5 =126 =252 =1,008 =4,032 =32,256 =1,935,360



1 =4 =8 =32 =128 =1,024 =61,440




1 =2 =8 =32 =256 =15,360





1 =4 =16 =128 =7,680






1 =4 =32 =1,920







1 =8 =480








1 =60

US dry measure

1 gallon(US,dry) = 4.404884E-3 cubic meter
Bushel Peck Gallon Dry quart Dry pint
1 =4 =8 =32 =64

1 =2 =8 =16


1 =4 =8



1 =2

US apothecaries' measure of capacity

1 US fl. oz = 2.957350E-5 cubic meter
Fluid ounce Tablespoon Teaspoon Tablespoon(metric) Teaspoon(metric) Cubic centimeter
1 =2 =6 1 =3 =15

1 =3
1 =5

US customary units of weight

US avoirdupois weight

1 lb av.(USMB, 1959) = 0.45359237 kg
Short ton Long hundredweight Short hundredweight Pound Ounce Dram Grain
1 = 250/14 = 20 = 2,000 = 32,000 = 512,000 = 14,000,000

1 = 28/25 = 112 = 1,792 = 28,672 = 784,000


1 = 100 = 1,600 = 25,600 = 700,000



1 = 16 = 256 = 7,000




1 = 16 = 875/2





1 = 875/32

US apothecaries' weight

1 lb apoth. = 0.3732417216 kg
Pound Ounce Drachm Scruple Grain
1 = 12 = 96 = 288 = 5,760

1 = 8 = 24 = 480


1 = 3 = 60



1 = 20

US troy weight

1 lb troy = 0.3732417216 kg
Pound Ounce Pennyweight Grain
1 = 12 = 240 = 5,760

1 = 20 = 480


1 = 24

Obsolete weight and capacity measure

UK units for beer, wines and spiritis

UK units for alcohols and spirits
Unit(alcohol) Approx. volume(UK gal) Approx. volume(liter)
octave(whisky) 16 73
quarter 17-30 77-136
aum(hock) 30-32 136-145
hogshead 44-60 200-273
hogshead(madeira) 45-48 205-218
hogshead(brandy) 56-61 255-277
puncheon 70-120 318-546
pipe 90-120 409-546
butt 108-117 491-532
tonneau, tun 190-200 864-909
stuck 260-265 1182-1205

UK units of capacity for beer; 1 gallon(UK) = 4.546092 liter
Tun Butt Puncheon Hogshead Barrel Firkin Pin Gallon
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 6 = 24 = 48 = 216

1 = 3/2 = 2 = 3 = 12 = 24 = 108


1 = 4/3 = 2 = 8 = 16 = 72



1 = 3/2 = 6 = 12 = 54




1 = 4 = 8 = 36





1 = 2 = 9






1 = 9/2

UK units of capacity for wine
French name (English word) Reputed quarts(No. of bottles) Volume(UK gal) Volume(liter)
1 nabuchodonosor (nabuchadnezzar) 20 10/3 15.153640
1 balthazar or balthasar (belshazzar) 16 8/3 12.122912
1 salmanazar (salmarazd) 12 2 9.092184
1 mathusalem (methuselah) 9 3/2 6.819138
1 rehoboam (rehoboam) 6 1 4.546092
1 jeroboam (jeroboam) 4 2/3 3.030728
1 magnum (magnum) 2 1/3 1.515364
1 bouteille champenoise (reputed quart) 1 1/6 0.757682

UK and US hay and straw weight

1 lb(UK,straw) = 0.453592338 kg
Load Truss Pound(straw) Pound(old hay) Pound(new hay)
1 = 36 = 1,296 = 2,016 = 2,160

1 = 36 = 56 = 60


1 = 14/9 = 5/3



1 = 15/14

UK weights for wool

1 wey(UK,wool) = 114.30527724 kg
Load Sack Wey Stone Pound
1 = 6 = 12 = 168 = 2,100

1 = 2 = 28 = 350


1 = 14 = 175



1 = 12.5

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Unit systems from antiquity

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The Chinese system

Old Chinese units of length

1 tchi = 0.23 m
Tou Thsan Pou Li Kyo Fen Yin(yan) Zhang Pou Tchi Cun(tsouen) Fen Lo Hao Su Hoe
1 = 25/8 = 25 = 250 = 1,500 = 3,750 = 4,500 = 45,000 = 90,000 = 450,000 = 4.5E6 = 4.5E7 = 4.5E8 = 4.5E9 = 4.5E10 = 4.5E11

1 = 8 = 80 = 480 = 1,200 = 1,440 = 14,400 = 28,800 = 144,000 = 1.44E6 = 1.44E7 = 1.44E8 = 1.44E9 = 1.44E10 = 1.44E11


1 = 10 = 60 = 150 = 180 = 1,800 = 3,600 = 18,000 = 1.8E5 = 1.8E6 = 1.8E7 = 1.8E8 = 1.8E9 = 1.8E10



1 = 6 = 15 = 18 = 180 = 360 = 1,800 = 1.8E4 = 1.8E5 = 1.8E6 = 1.8E7 = 1.8E8 = 1.8E9




1 = 5/2 = 3 = 30 = 60 = 300 = 3E3 = 3E4 = 3E5 = 3E6 = 3E7 = 3E8





1 = 6/5 = 12 = 24 = 120 = 1.2E3 = 1.2E4 = 1.2E5 = 1.2E6 = 1.2E7 = 1.2E8






1 = 10 = 20 = 100 = 1E3 = 1E4 = 1E5 = 1E6 = 1E7 = 1E8







1 = 2 = 10 = 100 = 1E3 = 1E4 = 1E5 = 1E6 = 1E7








1 = 5 = 50 = 500 = 5,000 = 50,000 = 500,000 = 5,000,000









1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000 = 10,000 = 100,000 = 1,000,000










1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000 = 10,000 = 100,000











1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000 = 10,000












1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000













1 = 10 = 100














1 = 10

Old Chinese units of area

1 meou = 614.4 square meter
Ching King Meou Kish Fen Lyi Kung(sq. pou) Hao
1 =10 = 100 = 400 = 1,000 = 10,000 = 24,000 = 100,000

1 = 10 = 40 = 100 = 1,000 = 2,400 = 10,000


1 = 4 = 10 = 100 = 240 = 1,000



1 = 5/2 = 25 = 60 = 250




1 = 10 = 24 = 100





1 = 12/5 = 10






1 = 25/6

Old Chinese units of weight

1 jin = 0.250 kg
Dan(shih) Tan Jun(kwan) Jin(tchin) Liang Zhu Shu
1 = 6/5 = 4 = 120 = 1,920 = 46,080 = 4,608,000

1 = 10/3 = 100 = 1,600 = 38,400 = 3,840,000


1 = 30 = 480 = 11,520 = 1,152,000



1 = 16 = 384 = 38,400




1 = 24 = 2,400





1 = 100

Old Chinese units of capacity

1 cheng = 1.03544 liter
Ping Chei Hou To Cheng Yo Kho Chao Co Quei
1 = 5 = 10 = 50 = 500 = 2,500 = 5,000 = 50,000 = 500,000 = 5,000,000

1 = 2 = 10 = 100 = 500 = 1,000 = 10,000 = 100,000 = 1,000,000


1 = 5 = 50 = 250 = 500 = 5,000 = 50,000 = 500,000



1 = 10 = 50 = 100 = 1,000 = 10,000 = 100,000




1 = 5 = 10 = 100 = 1,000 = 10,000





1 = 2 = 20 = 200 = 2,000






1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000







1 = 10 = 100








1 = 10

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The Indian system

Old Indian units of length

1 hasta = 0.457 m
Yodjana Gavyuti Crosa Dhanush(orgyla) Hasta(cubit) Vistati(span) Angula(finger)
1 = 2 = 4 = 8,000 = 32,000 = 64,000 = 768,000

1 = 2 = 4,000 = 16,000 = 32,000 = 384,000


1 = 2,000 = 8,000 = 16,000 = 192,000



1 = 4 = 8 = 96




1 = 2 = 24





1 = 12

Old Indian units of weight

1 pala = 47E-3 kg
Achita Bara Hara Tuba Pala Kharsha Tola Kona Dharana Tank-sala Masha Retti(ratica) Yava
1 = 10 = 100 = 200 = 20,000 = 200,000/3 = 80,000 = 400,000/3 = 200,000 = 3,200,000/9 = 3,200,000/3 = 6,400,000 = 64,000,000

1 = 10 = 20 = 2,000 = 20,000/3 = 8,000 = 40,000/3 = 20,000 = 320,000/9 = 320,000/3 = 640,000 = 6,400,000


1 = 2 = 200 = 2,000/3 = 800 = 4,000/3 = 2,000 = 32,000/9 = 32,000/3 = 64,000 = 640,000



1 = 100 = 1,000/3 = 400 = 2,000/3 = 1,000 = 16,000/9 = 16,000/3 = 32,000 = 320,000




1 = 10/3 = 4 = 20/3 = 10 = 160/9 = 160/3 = 320 = 3,200





1 = 6/5 = 2 = 3 = 16/3 = 16 = 96 = 960






1 = 5/3 = 5/2 = 40/9 = 40/3 = 80 = 800







1 = 3/2 = 8/3 = 8 = 48 = 480








1 = 16/9 = 16/3 = 32 = 320









1 = 3 = 24 = 240










1 = 6 = 60











1 = 10

Old Indian units of capacity

1 drona = 13.2 kg
Baha Cumbha Shari Cumbha short Drona Adhaka Prastha Cudava Musti(pala)
1 = 10 = 50/4 = 100 = 200 = 800 = 3,200 = 6,400 = 51,200

1 = 5/4 = 10 = 20 = 80 = 320 = 640 = 5,120


1 = 8 = 16 = 64 = 256 = 512 = 4,096



1 = 2 = 8 = 32 = 64 = 512




1 = 4 = 16 = 32 = 256





1 = 4 = 8 = 64






1 = 2 = 16







1 = 8

TOP

The Egyptian system

Old Egyptian units of length

1 derah(Royal cubit) = 0.5235 m
Royal atour Paragange Shoeme Atour Mille Stade Senus Canne Orgye(pace) Xilon Long cubit Derah(royal cubit) Pigon Zereth(royal foot) Spithame Dichas Choryos(palm) Thebs(finger) Digits
1 = 3/2 = 5/3 = 2 = 6 = 50 = 200 = 18,000/7 = 5,000 = 20,000/3 = 15,000 = 20,000 = 24,000 = 30,000 = = = = =

1 = 10/9 = 4/3 = 4 = 100/3 = 400/3 = 12,000/7 = 10,000/3 = 40,000/9 = 10,000 = 40,000/3 = 16,000 = 20,000 = = = = =


1 = 6/5 = 18/5 = 30 = 120 = 10,800/7 = 3,000 = 4,000 = 9,000 = 12,000 = 14,400 = 18,000 = = = = =



1 = 3 = 25 = 100 = 9,000/7 = 2,500 = 10,000/3 = 7,500 = 10,000 = 12,000 = 15,000 = = = = =




1 = 25/3 = 100/3 = 3,000/7 = 2,500/3 = 10,000/9 = 2,500 = 10,000/3 = 4,000 = 5,000 = = = = =





1 = 4 = 360/7 = 100 = 400/3 = 300 = 400 = 480 = 600 = = = = =






1 = 90/7 = 25 = 100/3 = 75 = 100 = 120 = 150 = = = = =







1 = 35/18 = 70/27 = 35/6 = 70/9 = 28/3 = 35/3 = = = = =








1 = 4/3 = 3 = 4 = 24/5 = 6 = 9/2 = 12 = 24 = 96 = 192









1 = 9/4 = 3 = 18/5 = 9/2 = 27/8 = 9 = 18 = 72 = 144










1 = 4/3 = 8/5 = 2 = 3/2 = 4 = 8 = 32 = 64











1 = 6/5 = 3/2 = 9/8 = 3 = 6 = 24 = 48












1 = 5/4 = 15/16 = 5/2 = 5 = 20 = 40













1 = 3/4 = 2 = 4 = 16 = 32














1 = 8/3 = 16/3 = 64/3 = 128/3















1 = 2 = 8 = 16
















1 = 4 = 8

















1 = 2

Old Egyptian units of area

1 pekeis = 27.405 square meter
Setta Aurure Rema Ten(dizaine) Su Pekeis Square cubit
1 = 10 = 20 = 100 = 160 = 1,000 = 100,000

1 = 2 = 10 = 16 = 100 = 10,000


1 = 5 = 8 = 50 = 5,000



1 = 8/5 = 10 = 1,000




1 = 25/4 = 625





1 = 100

Old Egyptian units of weight

1 deben = 13.65E-3 kg
Kedet Deben Sep Grains
1 = 10 = 100 = 150

1 = 10 = 15


1 = 3/2

Old Egyptian units of capacity

1 khar = 34 kg
Letech Artabe Metretes of Heron Khar(karamion) Apt Hecte Maan(mine) Outen
1 = 27/16 = 27/8 = 135/32 = 135/8 = 135/2 = 675/4 = 675

1 = 2 = 3/2 = 6 = 24 = 60 = 240


1 = 5/4 = 5 = 20 = 50 = 200



1 = 4 = 16 = 40 = 160




1 = 4 = 10 = 40





1 = 5/2 = 10






1 = 4

TOP

The Assyrio-Chaldean-Persian system

Old Persian units of length

1 foot(Persian) = 0.320 m
Mansion(stathmos) Schoeme Parasang Mille Ghalva(stadion) Chebel Qasab(cane) Pace Cubit Zereth(foot) Palm Finger
1 = 100/27 = 4 = 400/27 = 1,000/9 = 1,000 = 20,000/3 = 40,000/3 = 40,000 = 80,000 = 320,000 = 1,280,000

1 = 27/25 = 4 = 30 = 270 = 1,800 = 3,600 = 10,800 = 21,600 = 86,400 = 345,600


1 =100/27 =250/9 =250 =5,000/3 =10,000/3 =10,000 =20,000 =80,000 =320,000



1 =15/2 =135/2 =450 =900 =2,700 =5,400 =21,600 =86,400




1 =9 =60 =120 =360 =720 =2,880 =11,520





1 =20/3 =40/3 =40 =80 =320 =1,280






1 =2 =6 =12 =48 =192







1 =3 =6 =24 =96








1 =2 =8 =32









1 =4 =16










1 =4

Old Persian units of area

1 gar = 14.7 square meter
Gur Gan Ten(dizaine) Gar Square foot
1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000 = 144,000

1 = 10 = 100 = 14,400


1 = 10 = 1,440



1 = 144

Old Persian units of capacity

1 amphora = 32.60 kg
Gariba Long amphora Long artaba Short artaba Amphora Woebe(modius) Makuk Cados
1 = 8/3 = 4 = 16/3 = 8 = 16 = 64 = 128

1 = 3/2 = 2 = 3 = 6 = 24 = 96


1 = 4/3 = 2 = 4 = 16 = 64



1 = 3/2 = 3 = 12 = 48




1 = 2 = 8 = 32





1 = 4 = 16






1 = 4

TOP

The Hebrew system

Old Hebrew units of length

1 sacred cubit = 0.640 m; 1 cubit = 0.555 m
Cubit Zereth Palm Finger
1 = 2 = 6 = 24

1 = 3 = 12


1 = 4

Old Hebrew units of weight (Sacred system)

1 mina = 0.850 kg
Talent of Moses Mina Shekel Bakah Rabah Gerah(obol)
1 = 50 = 3,000 = 6,000 = 12,000 = 60,000

1 = 60 = 120 = 240 = 1,200


1 = 2 = 4 = 20



1 = 2 = 10




1 = 5

Old Hebrew units of weight (Talmudic system)

1 mina = 0.3542 kg
Talent Mina Shekel Zuzah(drachm) Mehah(obol) Pondiuscule
1 = 60 = 1,500 = 6,000 = 36,000 = 72,000

1 = 25 = 100 = 600 = 1,200


1 = 4 = 24 = 48



1 = 6 = 12




1 = 2

Old Hebrew units of capacity (dry)

1 elphah(old) = 29.376 kg; 1 elphah(new) = 21.420 kg
Cor Elphah Sath(modius) Gomor Cab Log
1 = 10 = 100/3 = 100 = 180 = 720

1 = 10/3 = 10 = 18 = 72


1 = 3 = 27/5 = 108/5



1 = 9/5 = 36/5




1 = 4

Old Hebrew units of capacity (liquid)

1 bath(old) = 29.376 kg; 1 bath(new) = 21.420 kg
Cor Bath Hin Log
1 = 10 = 60 = 720

1 = 6 = 72


1 = 12

TOP

The Greek system (Attic)

Old Greek units of length

1 pous = 0.30856 m
Mille(mile) Satdion Plethron Amma(cord) Akaina Orguia(fathom) Bema(pace) Cubit Pous(foot) Spithane(span) Dichas Palestra(palm) Condylos Daktylos(finger)
1 = 15/2 = 45 = 75 = 500 = 750 = 1,800 = 2,250 = 4,500 = 6,000 = 9,000 = 18,000 = 36,000 = 72,000

1 = 6 = 10 = 200/3 = 100 = 240 = 300 = 600 = 800 = 1,200 = 2,400 = 4,800 = 9,600


1 = 5/3 = 100/9 = 2,000/27 = 16,000/9 = 20,000/9 = 100 = 400/3 = 200 = 400 = 800 = 1,600



1 = 20/3 = 10 = 24 = 30 = 60 = 80 = 120 = 240 = 480 = 960




1 = 3/2 = 18/5 = 9/2 = 9 = 12 = 18 = 36 = 72 = 144





1 = 12/5 = 3 = 6 = 8 = 12 = 24 = 48 = 96






1 = 5/4 = 5/2 = 10/3 = 5 = 10 = 20 = 40







1 = 2 = 8/3 = 4 = 8 = 16 = 32








1 = 4/3 = 2 = 4 = 8 = 16









1 = 3/2 = 3 = 6 = 12










1 = 2 = 4 = 8











1 = 2 = 4












1 = 2

Old Greek units of weight

1 talent = 25.920 kg
Talent Mine Drachma Diobol Obol Chalque
1 = 60 = 6,000 = 18,000 = 36,000 = 432,000

1 = 100 = 300 = 600 = 4,800


1 = 3 = 6 = 48



1 = 2 = 16




1 = 8

Old Greek units of capacity (dry)

1 cotyle = 0.27 liter
Medimnos Hektos(modius) Chenica Sexte Cotyle Oxybaphon Cyanthos
1 = 6 = 48 = 96 = 192 = 768 = 1,152

1 = 8 = 16 = 32 = 128 = 192


1 = 2 = 4 = 16 = 24



1 = 2 = 8 = 12




1 = 4 = 6





1 = 3/2

Old Greek units of capacity (liquid)

1 cotyle = 0.27 liter
Metretes Amphora Maris Khous(conge) Cotyle
1 = 2 = 6 = 12 = 144

1 = 3 = 6 = 64


1 = 2 = 24



1 = 12

TOP

The Roman system

Old Roman units of length

1 Roman mile = 1,472 m
Milliarum(mile) Actus(chain) Decempeda(perch) Passus(double pace) Gradus(simple pace) Cubitus(cubit) Palmipes Pes(foot) Palmus(span) Unica(inch) Digitus(finger)
1 = 125/3 = 500 = 1,000 = 2,000 = 10,000/3 = 4,000 = 5,000 = 20,000 = 60,000 = 80,000

1 = 12 = 24 = 48 = 80 = 96 = 120 = 480 = 1,440 = 1,920


1 = 2 = 4 = 20/3 = 8 = 10 = 40 = 120 = 160



1 = 2 = 10/3 = 4 = 5 = 20 = 60 = 80




1 = 5/3 = 2 = 5/2 = 10 = 30 = 40





1 = 6/5 = 3/2 = 6 = 18 = 24






1 = 5/4 = 5 = 15 = 20







1 = 4 = 12 = 16








1 = 3 = 4









1 = 4/3

Old Roman units of area

1 quadratus pes = 0.086 square meter
Saltus Centuria Heredium Jugerum Actus Versum Clima Short actus Decempeda quadrata Quadratus pes
1 = 4 = 400 = 800 = 1,600 = 2,304 = 6,400 = 57,600 = 230,400 = 23,040,000

1 = 100 = 200 = 400 = 576 = 1,600 = 14,400 = 57,600 = 5,760,000


1 = 2 = 4 = 144/25 = 16 = 144 = 576 = 57,600



1 = 2 = 72/25 = 8 = 72 = 288 = 28,800




1 = 36/25 = 4 = 36 = 144 = 14,400





1 = 25/9 = 25 = 100 = 10,000






1 = 9 = 36 = 3,600







1 = 4 = 400








1 = 100

Old Roman units of weight

1 unica = 0.02725 kg
Libra(podium) Deunx Dextans Dodrans Bes Septunx Semis Quicunx Triens Quadrans Sextans Unica(ounce) Semunica Duella Sicilium Milliaresum Solidus(sectula) Denarius Denier Scripulum
1 = 12/11 = 6/5 = 4/3 = 3/2 = 12/7 = 2 = 12/5 = 3 = 4 = 6 = 12 = 24 = 36 = 48 = 60 = 72 = 84 = 96 = 288

1 = 11/10 = 11/9 = 11/8 = 11/7 = 11/6 = 11/5 = 11/4 = 11/3 = 11/2 = 11 = 22 = = = = = = = 264


1 = 10/9 = 5/4 = 10/7 = 5/3 = 2 = 5/2 = 10/3 = 5 = 10 = 20 = = = = = = = 240



1 = 9/8 = 9/7 = 3/2 = 9/5 = 9/4 = 3 = 9/2 = 9 = 18 = = = = = = = 216




1 = 8/7 = 4/3 = 8/5 = 2 = 8/3 = 4 = 8 = 16 = = = = = = = 192





1 = 7/6 = 7/5 = 7/4 = 7/3 = 7/2 = 7 = 14 = = = = = = = 168






1 = 6/5 = 3/2 = 2 = 3 = 6 = 12 = = = = = = = 144







1 = 5/4 = 5/3 = 5/2 = 5 = 10 = = = = = = = 120








1 = 4/3 = 2 = 4 = 8 = = = = = = = 96









1 = 3/2 = 3 = 6 = = = = = = = 72










1 = 2 = 4 = = = = = = = 48











1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 = 8 = 24












1 = 3/2 = 2 = 5/2 = 3 = 7/2 = 4 = 12













1 = 4/3 = 5/3 = 2 = 7/3 = 8/3 = 8














1 = 5/4 = 3/2 = 7/4 = 2 = 6















1 = 6/5 = 7/5 = 8/5 = 24/5
















1 = 7/6 = 4/3 = 4

















1 = 8/7 = 24/7


















1 = 3

Old Roman units of capacity (dry)

1 modius = 8.788 liter
Quadrantal Modius(muid) Semodius Sextarius(setier) Hemina
1 = 3 = 6 = 48 = 96

1 = 2 = 16 = 32


1 = 8 = 16



1 = 2

Old Roman units of capacity (liquid)

1 sextarius = 0.547 liter
Culleus(dolium)(hogshead) Amphora(metrete) Urna(urn) Congius(gallon) Sextarius(setier) Hemina Quartus Acetabulum Cyathus
1 = 20 = 40 = 160 = 960 = 1,920 = 3,840 = 7,680 = 11,520

1 = 2 = 8 = 48 = 96 = 192 = 384 = 576


1 = 4 = 24 = 48 = 96 = 192 = 288



1 = 6 = 12 = 24 = 48 = 72




1 = 2 = 4 = 8 = 12





1 = 2 = 4 = 6






1 = 2 = 3







1 = 3/2

TOP

The Arabic system

Old Arabic units of length

1 foot = 0.320 m
Marhala Barid(veredus) Parasang Mille Ghalva Seir(stadion) Qasab Orgye(pace) Cubit(hachemic) Cubit(new) Foot Cabda(palm) Assbaa(finger)
1 = 2 = 8 = 24 = 200 = 240 = 12,000 = 24,000 = 72,000 = 96,000 = 144,000 = 576,000 = 2,304,000

1 = 4 = 12 = 100 = 120 = 6,000 = 12,000 = 36,000 = 48,000 = 72,000 = 288,000 = 1,152,000


1 = 3 = 25 = 30 = 1,500 = 3,000 = 9,000 = 12,000 = 18,000 = 72,000 = 288,000



1 = 225/27 = 10 = 500 = 1,000 = 3,000 = 4,000 = 6,000 = 24,000 = 96,000




1 = 1.2 = 60 = 120 = 360 = 480 = 720 = 2,880 = 11,520





1 = 50 = 100 = 300 = 400 = 600 = 2,400 = 9,600






1 = 2 = 6 = 8 = 12 = 48 = 192







1 = 3 = 4 = 6 = 24 = 96








1 = 4/3 = 2 = 8 = 32









1 = 1.5 = 6 = 24










1 = 4 = 16











1 = 4

Old Arabic units of area

1 feddan = 5898.24 square meter
Feddan Djarib Daneq Qirat Cafiz Habbah Qamha Qasaba(achir) Square cubit
1 = 4 = 6 = 24 = 40 = 72 = 96 = 400 = 14,400

1 = 3/2 = 6 = 10 = 18 = 24 = 100 = 3,600


1 = 4 = 20/3 = 12 = 16 = 200/3 = 2,400



1 = 5/3 = 3 = 4 = 50/3 = 600




1 = 9/5 = 12/5 = 10 = 360





1 = 4/3 = 50/9 = 300






1 = 25/6 = 225







1 = 36

Old Arabic units of weight (System of the Prophet)

1 rotl = 0.340 kg
Kikkar Quantha Ocque Man(mine) Rotl(rotolo) Oukia Nasch Nevat Dihrem
1 = 5/4 = 125/4 = 125/2 = 125 = 375 = 750 = 2,250 = 11,250

1 = 25 = 50 = 100 = 300 = 600 = 1,800 = 9,000


1 = 2 = 4 = 12 = 24 = 72 = 360



1 = 2 = 6 = 12 = 36 = 180




1 = 3 = 6 = 18 = 90





1 = 2 = 6 = 30






1 = 3 = 15







1 = 5

Old Arabic units of capacity (measured by weight)

1 cafiz = 32.640 kg
Gariba(den) Artabe(amphora) Modius Cafiz Khoull(woebe) Ferk Makuk Saa Caphite(kist,kiladja) Mudd
1 = 4 = 32/5 = 8 = 16 = 32 = 64 = 96 = 192 = 384

1 = 8/5 = 2 = 4 = 8 = 16 = 24 = 48 = 96


1 = 5/4 = 5/2 = 5 = 10 = 15 = 30 = 60



1 = 2 = 4 = 8 = 12 = 24 = 48




1 = 2 = 4 = 6 = 12 = 24





1 = 2 = 3 = 6 = 12






1 = 3/2 = 3 = 6







1 = 2 = 4








1 = 2

TOP

Obsolete national and regional systems

TOP

Old French system (Ancien regime)

Old French units of length

1 pied(de Paris) = 0.3248394167 m; 1 toise(de Paris) = 1.9490365 m
Lieue(league) Perche(perch) Toise Aune Pied(foot) Pouce(inch) Ligne(line) Point(point)
1 = 380/3 = 2,280 = 760 = 13,680 = 161,160 = 1,969,920 = 23,639,040

1 = 18 = 54 = 108 = 1,296 = 15,552 = 186,624


1 = 3 = 6 = 72 = 864 = 10,368



1 = 2 = 24 = 288 = 3,456




1 = 12 = 144 = 1,728





1 = 12 = 144






1 = 12

Old French units of area

1 pied carre(de Paris) = 0.105520646 square meter
Arpent(eaux et forets) Arpent(de Paris) Perche(eaux et forets) Perche(de Paris) Toise carree Pied carre
1 = 121/81 = 100 = 12,100/81 = 12,100/9 = 48,400

1 = 8,100/121 = 100 = 900 = 32,400


1 = 121/81 = 121/9 = 484



1 = 9 = 324




1 = 36

Old French units of capacity (dry)

1 setier = 152 liter
Muid
 Setier Mine Minot Boisseau Quart Litron
1 = 12 = 24 = 48 = 144 = 576 = 2,304

1 = 2 = 4 = 12 = 48 = 192


1 = 2 = 6 = 24 = 96



1 = 3 = 12 = 48




1 = 4 = 16





1 = 4

Old French units of capacity (liquid)

1 pinte(de Paris) = 0.931389 liter
Muid Feuillette Quartaut Velte Pot(quade,cade) Pinte Chopine(setier) Demi-setier Posson Demi-posson Roquille
1 = 2 = 4 = 36 = 144 = 288 = 1,152 = 2,304 = 4,608 = 9,216 = 18,432

1 = 2 = 18 = 72 = 144 = 576 = 1,152 = 2,304 = 4,608 = 9,216


1 = 9 = 36 = 72 = 288 = 576 = 1,152 = 2,304 = 4,608



1 = 4 = 8 = 16 = 32 = 64 = 128 = 256




1 = 2 = 4 = 8 = 16 = 32 = 64





1 = 2 = 4 = 8 = 16 = 32






1 = 2 = 4 = 8 = 16







1 = 2 = 4 = 8








1 = 2 = 4









1 = 2

Old French units of weight

1 livre(de Paris) = 0.48951 kg
Quintal(quintal) Livre(pound) Marc(mark) Quarteron Once(ounce) Lot Gros(drachm) Denier(scruple) Grain(grain)
1 = 1,000 = 2,000 = 4,000 = 16,000 = 32,000 = 128,000 = 384,000 = 9,216,000

1 = 2 = 4 = 16 = 32 = 128 = 384 = 9,216


1 = 2 = 8 = 16 = 64 = 192 = 4,608



1 = 4 = 8 = 32 = 96 = 2,304




1 = 2 = 8 = 24 = 576





1 = 4 = 12 = 288






1 = 3 = 72







1 = 24

TOP

Old French system (1812 - 1840)

1 pied(metric) = 0.33 m
Lieue(metric) Toise(metric) Pied(metric) Pouce(metric) Ligne(metric)
1 = 2,000 = 12,120 = 145,440 = 1,745,280

1 = 6,060 = 72,727 = 872,727


1 = 12 = 144



1 = 12

TOP

Old Italian system

Old Italian units of length

1 piede liprando = 0.51377 mm
Miglio Trabucco Canna Piede Onica Punto
1 = 6,500/9 = 3,250/3 = 13,000/3 = 52,000 = 624,000

1 = 3/2 = 6 = 72 = 864


1 = 4 = 48 = 576



1 = 12 = 144




1 = 12

Old Italian units of weight

1 libbra = 0.307 kg
Cantaro Rubbo Libbra Onica Ottavo Denaro Grano
1 = 6 = 150 = 4,800 = 38,400 = 115,200 = 2,764,800

1 = 25 = 300 = 2,400 = 7,200 = 172,800


1 = 12 = 96 = 288 = 6,912



1 = 8 = 24 = 576




1 = 3 = 72





1 = 24

Old Italian measures (Regional variations)

City Measures of weight Measures of length Measures of capacity
Venezia(Venice) 1 libbra grossa = 12 once = 0.477 kg
1 libbra sottile = 0.301 kg		 1 braccio = 0.683 m
1 piede = 0.348 m		 1 moggio = 8 mezzeni = 333.3 liter
Milano(Milan) 1 libbra grossa = 28 once = 0.763 kg 1 braccio = 12 once = 0.595 m
1 trabucco = 6 piedi		 1 moggio = 8 staia = 146.2 liter
1 brenta = 96 boccali = 75.6 liter
Torino(Turin) 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.369 kg 1 trabucco = 6 piedi liprandi = 3.096 m
1 raso = 0.6 m
1 piede = 0.293 m		 1 sacco = 5 mine = 115.3 liter
1 carro = 10 brente = 493.11 liter
Bologna 1 libbra mercantile = 12 once = 0.362 kg 1 braccio = 0.64 m
1 piede = 0.38 m		 1 corba = 2 staia = 60 boccali = 78.6 liter
Firenze(Florence) 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.3395 kg 1 braccio = 2 palmi = 0.583 m 1 moggio = 8 sacca = 584.7 liter
1 barile(vino) = 20 fiaschi = 45.6 liter
1 barile(olio) = 16 fiaschi = 33.43 liter
Genova(Genoa) 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.317 kg 1 palmo = 0.248 m 1 mina = 116.5 liter
1 barile = 70 liter
Roma(Rome) 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.339 kg 1 canna = 10 palmi = 2.234 m 1 rubblo = 22 scorzi = 294.5 liter
1 barile = 32 boccali = 75.5 liter
Napoli(Naples) 1 rotolo = 0.861 kg
1 libbra = 12 once = 0.321 kg		 1 canna = 10 palmi = 2.646 m 1 botte(vino) = 12 barili = 523.5 liter
1 tomolo = 55.54 liter
Palermo 1 cantaro = 100 rotoli = 79.34 kg
1 libbra = 12 once = 0.317 kg		 1 canna = 10 palmi = 2.065 m 1 salma = 4 bisace = 16 tomoli = 2.75 liter

TOP

Old Spanish system (Castillian)

Old Spanish units of length

1 vara = 0.835905 m
Legua Milla Estadal Estado Passo(pace) Vara(yard) Codoc Pie(foot) Palma(palm) Sesma Pulgada Diego(finger) Linea(line) Punto(point)
1 = 3 = 1,250 = 2,500 = 3,000 = 5,000 = 10,000 = 15,000 = 20,000 = 30,000 = 180,000 = 240,000 = 2,880,000 = 34,560,000

1 = 1,250/3 = 2,500/3 = 1,000 = 5,000/3 = 10,000/3 = 5,000 = 20,000/3 = 10,000 = 60,000 = 80,000 = 960,000 = 11,520,000


1 = 2 = 12/5 = 4 = 8 = 12 = 16 = 24 = 144 = 192 = 2,304 = 27,648



1 = 6/5 = 2 = 4 = 6 = 8 = 12 = 72 = 96 = 1,152 = 13,824




1 = 5/3 = 10/3 = 5 = 20/3 = 10 = 60 = 80 = 960 = 11,520





1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 6 = 36 = 48 = 576 = 6,912






1 = 3/2 = 2 = 3 = 18 = 24 = 288 = 3,546







1 = 4/3 = 2 = 12 = 16 = 192 = 2,304








1 = 3/2 = 9 = 12 = 144 = 1,728









1 = 6 = 8 = 96 = 1,152










1 = 4/3 = 16 = 192











1 = 12 = 144












1 = 12

Old Spanish units of area

1 square vara = 0.6987372 square meter
Yugada Fanegada Aranzada Calemin Cuatilla Aquare vara
1 = 50 = 72 = 600 = 18,432 = 460,800

1 = 36/25 = 12 = 9,216/25 = 9,216


1 = 25/3 = 256 = 6,400



1 = 768/25 = 768




1 = 25

Old Spanish units of weight

1 libra = 0.460093 kg
Tonnelada Quintalmacho Quintal Barril Arroba Libra(pound) Marco Onza(ounce) Escrupolo(scruple) Ochava Adarme(drachm) Dinero Tomin Arienzo Grano(grain)
1 = 40/3 = 20 = 40 = 80 = 2,000 = 4,000 = 32,000 = 128,000 = 256,000 = 512,000 = 768,000 = 1,536,000 = 4,608,000 = 18,432,000

1 = 3/2 = 3 = 6 = 150 = 300 = 2,400 = 9,600 = 19,200 = 38,400 = 57,600 = 115,200 = 345,600 = 1,382,400


1 = 2 = 4 = 100 = 200 = 1,600 = 6,400 = 12,800 = 25,600 = 38,400 = 57,600 = 230,400 = 921,600



1 = 2 = 50 = 100 = 800 = 3,200 = 6,400 = 12,800 = 19,200 = 38,400 = 115,200 = 460,800




1 = 25 = 50 = 400 = 1,600 = 3,200 = 6,400 = 9,600 = 19,200 = 57,600 = 230,400





1 = 2 = 16 = 64 = 128 = 256 = 384 = 768 = 2,304 = 9,216






1 = 8 = 32 = 64 = 128 = 192 = 384 = 1,152 = 4,608







1 = 4 = 8 = 16 = 24 = 48 = 144 = 576








1 = 2 = 4 = 6 = 12 = 36 = 144









1 = 2 = 3 = 6 = 18 = 72










1 = 3/2 = 3 = 9 = 36











1 = 2 = 6 = 24












1 = 3 = 12













1 = 4

Old Spanish units of capacity (liquid)

1 arroba(wine) = 16.133 liter; 1 arroba(oil) = 12.563 liter
Bota Pipa Moio Arroba(cantarra) Cuartilla Azumbre Cuartillo(libra) Panilla(quarterone) Copas
1 = 10/9 = 15/8 = 30 = 120 = 960 = 30,720 = 3,072,000 = 3,932E8

1 = 27/16 = 27 = 108 = 864 = 27,648 = 2,764,800 = 3,539E8


1 = 16 = 64 = 512 = 16,384 = 1,638,400 = 2,097E8



1 = 4 = 32 = 1,024 = 102,400 = 13,107,200




1 = 8 = 256 = 25,600 = 3,276,800





1 = 32 = 3,200 = 409,600






1 = 100 = 1,280







1 = 128?

Old Spanish units of caapcity (dry)

1 fanega = 55.501 liter
Cahiz Fanega Cuartilla Almude(calemin) Medio Cuartillo Racion Ochavillo
1 = 12 = 48 = 144 = 288 = 576 = 2,304 = 9,216

1 = 4 = 12 = 24 = 48 = 192 = 768


1 = 3 = 6 = 12 = 48 = 192



1 = 2 = 4 = 16 = 64




1 = 2 = 8 = 32





1 = 4 = 16






1 = 4

TOP

Old Portuguese system

Old Portuguese units of length

1 pe = 0.3285 m
Legoa Milha Estadio Vara Covada Pe Palmo Pollegada Linha
1 = 3 = 24 = 5,664 = 9,440 = 14,160 = 21,240 = 169,920 = 2,039,040

1 = 8 = 1,416 = 2,360 = 4,720 = 7,080 = 56,640 = 679,680


1 = 236 = 393 = 785 = 1177.5 = 9,420 = 113,040



1 = 5/3 = 10/3 = 10 = 80 = 960




1 = 2 = 3 = 24 = 288





1 = 3/2 = 12 = 144






1 = 8 = 96







1 = 12

Old Portuguese units of weight

1 libra = 0.459 kg
Quintal Arroba Libra(arratel) Meio(marco) Onca Outava Escrupolo Grao
1 = 4 = 128 = 8,192 = 65,536 = 524,288 = 1,570,864 = 37,748,736

1 = 32 = 64 = 512 = 4,096 = 12,288 = 249,912


1 = 2 = 16 = 128 = 384 = 9,216



1 = 8 = 64 = 192 = 4,608




1 = 8 = 24 = 576





1 = 3 = 72






1 = 24

Old Portuguese units of capacity (dry)

1 fanga = 54 liter
Moio Fanga Alqueira Meio Quarto Outava
1 = 15 = 60 = 120 = 240 = 480

1 = 4 = 8 = 16 = 32


1 = 2 = 4 = 8



1 = 2 = 4




1 = 2

Old Portuguese units of capacity (liquid)

1 almude = 16.5 liter
Tonnelada Bota(pipa) Almude Alqueira Canada Meio Quartillo
1 = 16/13 = 32 = 192 = 384 = 768 = 1,536

1 = 26 = 156 = 312 = 624 = 1,248


1 = 6 = 12 = 24 = 48



1 = 2 = 4 = 8




1 = 2 = 4





1 = 2

TOP

Old Dutch system

Old Dutch units of length

1 voeten(Amsterdam) = 0.2830594 m
Roeden Elle Voeten Duime Lyne
1 = 26/5 = 13 = 156 = 1,872

1 = 5/2 = 30 = 360


1 = 12 = 144



1 = 12

Old Dutch units of weight

1 pond(Amsterdam) = 0.49409032 kg; 1 pond(ordinary) = 0.49216772 kg; 1 pond(apothecary) = 3/4 pond = 0.369126 kg
Pond Mark Unze Drachme Engel Vierling Grein
1 = 2 = 16 = 128 = 320 = 1,280 = 7,680

1 = 8 = 64 = 160 = 640 = 3,840


1 = 8 = 20 = 80 = 480



1 = 5/2 = 10 = 60




1 = 4 = 24





1 = 6

Old Dutch units of capacity (dry)

1 schepel = 27.26 liter
Last Mud Zak Schepel Vierd Kop
1 = 27 = 36 = 108 = 432 = 3,456

1 = 4/3 = 4 = 16 = 128


1 = 3 = 12 = 96



1 = 4 = 32




1 = 8

Old Dutch units of capacity (liquid)

1 mingelen = 1.200 liter
Vat Oxhooft Aam Anker Steekan Stoop Mingelen Pint Mutsje
1 = 4 = 6 = 24 = 48 = 384 = 768 = 1,536 = 6,144

1 = 3/2 = 6 = 12 = 96 = 192 = 384 = 1,536


1 = 4 = 8 = 64 = 128 = 256 = 512



1 = 2 = 16 = 32 = 64 = 256




1 = 8 = 16 = 32 = 128





1 = 2 = 4 = 16






1 = 2 = 8







1 = 4

TOP

Old German system (Prussian)

Old German units of length

1 fuss = 0.313857 m
Meile(mile) Ruthe(yard) Elle Fuss(foot) Zoll(inch) Linie(line)
1 = 2,000 = 192,000/17 = 24,000 = 288,000 = 3,456,000

1 = 96/17 = 12 = 144 = 1,728


1 = 17/8 = 25.5 = 306



1 = 12 = 144




1 = 12

Old German units of weight

1 pfund = 0.467711 kg
Schiffspfund Doppelzentner Zentner Stein Pfund(pound) Loth Quentchen
1 = 3/2 = 3 =15 = 330 = 10,560 = 31,680

1 = 2 = 10 = 220 = 7,040 = 21,120


1 = 5 = 110 = 3,520 = 10,560



1 = 22 = 704 = 2,112




1 = 32 = 96





1 = 3

Old German units of capacity (dry)

1 metzen = 37.0596 liter
Scheffel Metzen Maessel Dreissiger
1 = 6 = 48 = 192

1 = 8 = 32


1 = 4

Old German units of capacity (liquid)

1 quart = 1.145030 liter
Fuder Oxhoft Ohm Eimer Anker Quart
1 = 4 = 6 = 12 = 24 = 720

1 = 3/2 = 3 = 6 = 180


1 = 2 = 4 = 120



1 = 2 = 60




1 = 30

TOP

Old Russian system

Old Russian units of length

1 foute = 0.3048 m
Vyorst Saaschen Arshin Foute(foot) Chevert Vershok Duime Sotka Palets Line Totchka
1 = 500 = 1,500 = 3,500 = 6,000 = 24,000 = 42,000 = 50,000 = 84,000 = 420,000 = 4,200,000

1 = 3 = 7 = 12 = 48 = 84 = 100 = 168 = 840 = 8,400


1 = 7/3 = 4 = 16 = 28 = 100/3 = 56 = 280 = 2,800



1 = 12/7 = 48/7 = 12 = 100/7 = 24 = 120 = 1,200




1 = 4 = 7 = 25/3 = 14 = 70 = 700





1 = 7/4 = 25/12 = 7/2 = 35/2 = 175






1 = 25/21 = 2 = 10 = 100







1 = 42/25 = 42/5 = 84








1 = 5 = 50









1 = 10

Old Russian units of weight (Ordinary)

1 funt = 0.4095171792 kg
Berkovets Pood Funt(pound) Lana Once Loth(lot) Solotnik(denier) Doli(grain)
1 = 10 = 400 = 4,800 = 6,400 = 12,800 = 38,400 = 3,686,400

1 = 40 = 480 = 640 = 1,280 = 3,840 = 368,640


1 = 12 = 16 = 32 = 96 = 9,216



1 = 4/3 = 8/3 = 8 = 768




1 = 2 = 6 = 576





1 = 3 = 288






1 = 96

Old Russian units of weight (Apothecary)

1 doli = 44.4349403 mg
Pound Once Drachme Scruple Grain Doli(grain)
1 = 120 = 960 = 2,880 = 57,600 = 80,064

1 = 8 = 24 = 480 = 672


1 = 3 = 60 = 84



1 = 20 = 28




1 = 1.4

Old Russian units of capacity (dry)

1 garnetz = 3.279842 liter
Tchevert Osmini Lof Payok Tcheverik Vedro Garnetz Polougarnetz Krushky Tchast
1 = 2 = 120/37 = 4 = 8 = 16 = 64 = 128 = 160 = 1,920

1 = 60/37 = 2 = 4 = 8 = 32 = 64 = 80 = 960


1 = 37/30 = 74/30 = 148/30 = 592/30 = 1,184/30 = 148/3 = 592



1 = 2 = 4 = 16 = 32 = 40 = 480




1 = 2 = 8 = 16 = 20 = 240





1 = 4 = 8 = 10 = 120





1 = 2 = 4 = 5 = 60






1 = 2 = 5/2 = 30







1 = 5/4 = 15








1 = 12

Old Russian units of capacity (liquid)

1 vedro = 12.29941 liter
Botchka Pipe Anker Stekar Vedro Shtoff Krouchka Bottle(wine) Bottle(vodka) Tcharka Chkalik
1 = 10/9 = 40/3 = 80/3 = 40 = 160 = 200 = 320 = 400 = 2,000 = 4,000

1 = 12 = 24 = 36 = 144 = 180 = 288 = 360 = 1,800 = 3,600


1 = 2 = 3 = 12 = 15 = 24 = 30 = 150 = 300



1 = 3/2 = 6 = 15/2 = 12 = 15 = 75 = 150




1 = 4 = 5 = 8 = 10 = 50 = 100





1 = 5/4 = 2 = 5/2 = 25/2 = 25






1 = 8/5 = 2 = 10 = 20







1 = 5/4 = 25/4 = 25/2








1 = 5 = 10









1 = 2

TOP

Old Swedish system

Old Swedish units of length

1 fot = 0.29690 m
Mil(mile) Ref Alnar(ell) Stang Famm(fathom) Alm Fot(foot) Turn(inch) Linie
1 = 225/2 = 1,000 = 1,125 = 3,000 = 9,000 = 18,000 = 216,000 = 2,592,000

1 = 80/9 = 10 = 80/3 = 80 = 160 = 1,920 = 23,040


1 = 9/8 = 3 = 9 = 18 = 216 = 2,592



1 = 8/3 = 8 = 16 = 192 = 2,304




1 = 3 = 6 = 72 = 864





1 = 2 = 24 = 288






1 = 12 = 144







1 = 12

Old Swedish units of weight

1 shalpund = 0.4250797024 kg
Nylaest Skippund Waag Centner Sten Liespund Skalpund(pound) Untz Lod Ort Quintin Korn As
1 = 30 = 800/11 = 120 = 375 = 600 = 12,000 = 192,000 = 384,000 = 1,200,000 = 1,536,000 = 12,000,000 = 106,176,000

1 = 80/33 = 4 = 25/2 = 20 = 400 = 6,400 = 12,800 = 40,000 = 51,200 = 400,000 = 3,539,200


1 = 33/20 = 165/32 = 33/4 = 165 = 2,640 = 5,280 = 16,500 = 21,120 = 165,000 = 1,459,920



1 = 25/8 = 5 = 100 = 1,600 = 3,200 = 10,000 = 12,800 = 100,000 = 884,800




1 = 8/5 = 32 = 512 = 1,024 = 3,200 = 4,096 = 32,000 = 283,136





1 = 20 = 320 = 640 = 2,000 = 2,560 = 20,000 = 176,960






1 = 16 = 32 = 100 = 128 = 1,000 = 8,848







1 = 2 = 25/4 = 8 = 125/2 = 553








1 = 25/8 = 4 = 125/4 = 553/2









1 = 32/25 = 10 = 2,212/25










1 = 125/16 = 553/8











1 = 1,106/125

Old Swedish units of capacity (dry)

1 kanna = 2.617162 liter
Kollaest Koltunna Tunna Spanna Fjerdingar Kappar Kanna Stop Quarter Junkfra(ort)
1 = 12 = 27/2 = 27 = 108 = 432 = 756 = 1,512 = 4,536 = 24,192

1 = 9/8 = 9/4 = 9 = 36 = 63 = 126 = 378 = 2,016


1 = 2 = 8 = 32 = 56 = 112 = 336 = 1,792



1 = 4 = 16 = 28 = 52 = 156 = 832




1 = 4 = 7 = 14 = 42 = 224





1 = 7/4 = 7/2 = 21/2 = 56






1 = 2 = 8 = 32







1 = 4 = 16








1 = 4

Old Swedish units of capacity (liquid)

1 kanna = 2.617162 liter
Fuder Oxhoft Ohm Eimer Ankar Kanna
1 = 4 = 6 = 12 = 24 = 360

1 = 3/2 = 3 = 6 = 90


1 = 2 = 4 = 60



1 = 2 = 30




1 = 15

TOP

Old Japanese system

Old Japanese units of length

1 shaku = 10/33 m
Ri Cho Jo Ken Hiro Yabiki Shaku Sun Bu Rin Mo Shi
1 = 36 = 1,296 = 2,160 = 2,592 = 5,184 = 12,960 = 129,600 = 1,296,000 = 12,960,000 = 120,960,000 = 1,209,600,000

1 = 36 = 60 = 72 = 144 = 360 = 3,600 = 36,000 = 360,000 = 3,600,000 = 36,000,000


1 = 5/3 = 2 = 4 = 10 = 100 = 1,000 = 10,000 = 100,000 = 1,000,000



1 = 6/5 = 12/5 = 6 = 60 = 600 = 6,000 = 60,000 = 600,000




1 = 2 = 5 = 50 = 500 = 5,000 = 50,000 = 500,000





1 = 5/2 = 25 = 250 = 2,500 = 25,000 = 250,000






1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000 = 10,000 = 100,000







1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000 = 10,000








1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000









1 = 10 = 100










1 = 10

Old Japanese units of area

1 tsubo = 100/30.25 m2 = 3.30578512 m2
Square ri Cho Tan Se Tsubo Go
1 = 46,656 = 466,560 = 4,665,600 = 46,656,000 = 466,560,000

1 = 10 = 100 = 3,000 = 30,000


1 = 10 = 300 = 3,000



1 = 30 = 300




1 = 10

Old Japanese units of capacity

1 sho = (2,401/1,331) liter = 1.8039068 liter
Koku To Sho Go Shaku
1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000 = 10,000

1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000


1 = 10 = 100



1 = 10

Old Japanese units of weight

1 kwan = (15/4) kg = 3.75 kg
Komma-ichi-da Karus hiri-ichi-da Kiyak-kin Ninsoku-ichi-nin Kwan Kin Hyaku-me Niyo Momme Candareen(fun) Rin Mo
1 = 20/9 = 5/2 = 40/7 = 40 = 250 = 400 = 10,000 = 40,000 = 400,000 = 4,000,000 = 40,000,000

1 = 9/8 = 18/7 = 18 = 225/2 = 180 = 4,500 = 18,000 = 180,000 = 1,800,000 = 18,000,000


1 = 16/7 = 16 = 100 = 160 = 4,000 = 16,000 = 160,000 = 1,600,000 = 16,000,000



1 = 7 = 175/4 = 70 = 1,750 = 7,000 = 70,000 = 700,000 = 7,000,000




1 = 25/4 = 10 = 250 = 1,000 = 10,000 = 100,000 = 1,000,000





1 = 8/5 = 40 = 160 = 1,600 = 16,000 = 160,000






1 = 25 = 100 = 1,000 = 10,000 = 100,000







1 = 4 = 40 = 400 = 4,000








1 = 10 = 100 = 1,000









1 = 10 = 100