NORTH AMERICAN SOCIETY OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT SOCIETE NORD-AMERICAINE DE SOCIOLOGIE DU SPORT Civil Rights/Human Rights: Intersections of Difference Droits civiques/droits de la personne: le carrefour des diffeérences November 13-16, 1996 Sheraton Civic Center Hotel, Birmingham, Alabama Preliminary Conference Program Wednesday, November 13 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. Conference Registration 7:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. Board of Directors Meeting 9:15 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. Informal Welcoming Reception (Cash Bar) Thursday, November 14 7:00 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. Board of Directors Meeting 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Registration, Book Display (Organizer: Archie Wade, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa) 8:45 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. Welcome, Announcements KEYNOTE ADDRESS Dr. Leola Johnson, University of Minnesota Hertz, Don’t It? Corporate Ideas about Race in the Making of O.J. Simpson 10:15 a.m. to 12:00 noon CONCURRENT SESSIONS Session 1: Outsiders in Sports: Non-mainstream Sport Competitors Session Organizer, Victoria Paraschak, University of Windsor Presider, Peter Donnelly, McMaster University Dwight Zakus, Contradictions in Modern Sport and Mainstream Programmes for Non-Mainstream Youth: An Example from the Margins Robert Rinehart, Idaho State University, Inside of the Outside: Pecking Orders Within Alternative Sport at ESPN’sThe eXtreme Games Christine Dallaire, University of Alberta, The Alberta Francophone Games: A Non-Mainstream Experience? Marie-Claude Asselin, University of Waterloo, Non-Mainstream Leisure for Minorities: The Case of the Franco-Ontarian Games Session 2: Race/Ethnicity, Sport, and the Media Session Organizer, Laurel R. Davis, Springfield College Presider, Mary McDonald, Miami University Genevieève Rail and eélisse Lafrance, University of Ottawa, Confrontation of Nationalisms: Extreme Fighting, Native Self- Determination and Global Media Ellen Staurowsky, Ithaca College, Of Saltine Warriors, Bad Medicine Men, and Fighting Indians: The Ideological Implications Behind the Appropriation of Native American Imagery in Sport Toni Bruce, University of New Hampshire, Perceptions Versus Representations of Race In Televised Men’s College Basketball Session 3: Cultural Production and Consumption of Sports: Local vs. Global (I) Session Organizers, Jean Harvey, Universiteéd'’Ottawa, and Anouk Beélanger, Simon Fraser University Presider, Anouk Beélanger, Simon Fraser University Jean Harvey, Universiteé '’Ottawa, Sport, Nationalism andGlobalization: Quebecois Nationalism Between Ethnic and Civic Identity David L. Andrews, University of Memphis, Ben Carrington, Leeds Metropolitan University, Steven J. Jackson, University of Otago, Yuichi Kurakawa, University of Memphis, and Zbigniew Mazur, Maria Curie-Sklowdowska University, The Export of Meaning: Global Sport ` Culture and the Experience of Everyday Life John Valentine, University of Alberta, Nike’s Hockey Nightin Florida: Nike and the Globalization of Hockey Joseph Maguire, David Stead, Loughborough University, Border Crossings: Soccer, Labour, Migration and the European Union Session 4: Sport Fans and Spectators (I) Session Organizer and Presider: Janet C. Harris, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Daniel L. Wann, Murray State University, The Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety of Sport Spectators Don Sabo, Phil Gray, and Linda Gray, D’Youville College, Televised Athletic Events and Domestic Violence: A Social-Psychological Analysis Andrew Yiannakis, University of Connecticut, and Heather Gibson, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Success and Tolerance for Deviancy in Big Time College Basketball Bao Yongwu, Shenyang Institute of Physical Education, and Gong Jingang, Yining Society of Sport and Activity, A Sociological Analysis of Rioting Fans in China Session 5: Open Discussion with Dr. Leola Johnson 12:00 Noon to 1:30 p.m. LUNCH 1:30 p.m. to 3:15 p.m. CONCURRENT SESSIONS Session 1: Intersections: Civil Rights and Sports Session Organizer: Victoria Paraschak, University of Windsor Presider: Christopher Uchascz, University of Illinois Maureen Smith, California State University, Sacramento, “Eyes on the Prize” - Black Athletes Climbing to the Top of the Mountain: Intersections of Sport and the Civil Rights Movement Victoria Paraschak, University of Windsor, Sport as a Symbolic Site for Native Rights in Canada Sharon Mathes, Iowa State University, Linda Lyman, Iowa State University, John Wolohan, Iowa State University, Mary Duquin, University of Pittsburgh, Sport as Cult: Ritualized Abuse of Athletes? Session 2: Poststructuralism and the Interrogation of Contemporary Sport Culture (I) Session Organizer: David Andrews, University of Memphis Presider: Robert Pitter, University of Memphis Andrew Thornton, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, de Coubertin versus Foucault: A Tie Game? Gamal Abdel-Shehid, York University, Writing the Hero: Sports Writing/Broadcasting as Literature Cheryl L. Cole, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and David L. Andrews, University of Memphis, Policing the NBA: The Reconfiguration of Black Masculinity in Late Modern America Session 3: Graduate Student Research in Progress (I) Session Organizer and Presider: Cynthia F. Pelak, Ohio State University Mikaela Dufur and Robert Kunovich, Ohio State University, Scientific Management and the “Cool Pose”: A Content Analysis of the NCAA Celebration Penalty Video Lauren S. Morimoto, Ohio State University, Deconstructing Harry Edwards: A Re-assessment of Race as a Unit of Analysis in Sport Toorjo Ghose and Mikaela Dufur, Ohio State University, “Welcome to the House”: African-American Fraternity Signs as Means of Identification and Protest Among Athletes Jim Ainsworth, Ohio State University, The Effects of Structure on the Competition Within Pick-Up Basketball Games: Reflections of an Observer Session 4: African-American Men in Sport Session Organizer and Presider: Robert Sellers, University of Virginia Billy Hawkins, University of Georgia, O.J. Simpson as Super- Athlete, Super-Entertainer, and Now Super-Criminal: Fulfilling and Satisfying Americans’ Imagining of Black Men Susan Rayl, Iowa State University, Dents in the Color Line: Professional Basketball in the 1930’s and 1940’s Tabbye Chavous, University of Virginia, An Examination of Social and Academic Outcomes Related to Role Conflict in African American and White Male Student-Athletes Robert Chappell, Brunel University College, Racial Participation in Basketball and Soccer - Case Studies of the English National Basketball League, and the First (Premier) Division of the English Football League Session 5: The Westernization of Asian Sports Session Organizer and Presider: Haruo Nogawa, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya John Shuttleworth, Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Western Colonisation of Hong Kong Chinese Sport: A Conflict Theory Analysis Haruo Nogawa, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, The Westernization of Japanese Martial Arts: International Power Games Atsuo Sugimoto, Kyoto University of Education, The Westernization of Japanese Sport Fans: The Case of Ouendan, A Voluntary Cheerleading Group 3:30 p.m. to 5:15 p.m. CONCURRENT SESSIONS Session 1: Venturing into the Unknown: What Graduate Students and New Faculty in Sport Sociology Need to Know (panel discussion) Panel Organizer and Presider: James E. Bryant, San Jose State University Dana Brooks, West Virginia University Judith Bischoff, Northern Illinois University Howard L. Nixon II, Towson State University Session 2: Children and Body Culture Session Organizer and Presider: Cynthia A. Hasbrook, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee Marg Ptolemy, University of Toronto, Mini-University: The Social Construction of Children’s Bodies C. Roger Rees, Adelphi University, and Hans Peter Brandl-Bredenbeck, Freie Universitaät, Culture in the Body? Body Concepts of Youth in Germany and the USA Session 3: Sport Tourism: Nostalgia, Collecting, Travel Session Organizer: Robert Rinehart, Idaho State University Presider: Synthia Sydnor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Bruce M. Zelkovitz, Washborn University, Halls of Summer 1995: Sport Halls of Fame and Museums in Cross-National Perspective Robert Rinehart, Idaho State University, The Olympic Torch Relay as Constructed Nostalgia John Nauright, University of Queensland, “I'’s the World in Union”: Rugby Tours, the Rugby World Cup, Nostalgia and Memory in Maintaining the “Old (Boys)” World Ord Session 4: Disability: Liminal Challenges to the Normative Body Session Organizer and Presider: Sharon R. Guthrie, California State University, Long Beach Alan Aycock, Cardinal Stritch College, and Margaret C. Duncan, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Situational Competence: Another Look at Leisure, Sport, and Disability Jill Le Clair, Humber College, Segregation or Integration of High Performance Abled and Disabled Sport Teams: Swim Canada and the 1996 Olympics and Paralympics – A Foucauldian View Sharon R. Guthrie, California State University, Long Beach, and Shirley Castelnuovo, Saddle Back College, Disability: Liminal Challenges to the Normative Body Session 5: Teaching Sociology of Sport: Civil Rights/Human Rights in the Classroom Session Organizer: Merrill Melnick, State University of New York, Brockport Discussant: Mary McElroy, Kansas State University Charlotte A. Humphries, University of North Dakota, Strategies for Using the Personal: Teaching Civil and Human Rights in Sociology of Sport Linda Lyman, Iowa State University, Denying Them the Right to be Taught: Teaching Sociology of Sport Alan Bairner, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Beyond the Pale, Behind the Wire: Teaching the Sociology of Sport to Northern Ireland’s Political Prisoners 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. NASSS Reception and Awards Presentation (at Civil Rights Institute) Friday, November 15 7:00 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. SSJ Editorial Board Meeting 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Registration Book Display (Organizer: Archie Wade, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa) 8:45 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. KEYNOTE ADDRESS Dr. Lawrence Fleischer, California State University, Northridge The World of Deaf Sports: Refusal to Take Apart 10:15 a.m. to 12:00 noon CONCURRENT SESSIONS Session 1: Sport Sociologists as Public Intellectuals: Interpreting Research on Sexual Violence (panel discussion) Session Organizer and Presider: Michael A. Messner, University of Southern California Don Sabo, D'’Youville College Todd Crossett, University of Massachusetts Mary Jo Kane, University of Minnesota Session 2: Graduate Student Research in Progress (II) Session Organizer: Darcy C. Plymire, University of Iowa Presider: Cynthia A. Hasbrook, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee Charlene Suneson, University of Southern California, Sport and Gender Through the Lens of Aging Brian Wilson, McMaster University, The Black Athlete in Canada: Race, Representation, and the Toronto Raptors Session 3: The Intersection of Sport Sociology and Sport History Session Organizer and Presider: Gai Berlage, Iona College Debbie Oryschak-Hannah and K.B. Wamsley, University of Calgary, Power and Privilege in Historiography: Constructing Percy Page Gai Berlage and Nancy Seltzer, Iona College, The All American Red Heads: Femininity as Adaptation to Marginality Julie A. Stevens, University of Alberta, and Rob Beamish, Queen’s University, Understanding Sport as a Social System: The Development of Women’s Hockey in Canada Jane Stangl, Knox College, The Fiction of George Helgeson Fitch and the Social Construction of Siwash College: From Satire to Athletic Nickname Session 4: Civil Rights/Human Rights: (Non)Intersections at the Atlanta Games Session Organizer and Presider: Synthia Sydnor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Simon Eassom, De Montfort University, Athletes’ Rights vs. Olympic Goods: The Confrontational Rhetoric of Claims and Grievances Lee Vander Velden, University of Maryland, and Laurence Chalip, Griffith University, Audience Reaction to the Olympic Games: Summer 1992 and Summer 1996 Laura Robinson, The Atlanta Olympics: Americans Only Need Apply Session 5: Sport and National Identity Session Organizer, Presider, and Discussant: William J. Morgan, University of Tennessee Alan Bairner, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Civic and Ethnic Nationalism in Celtic and Nordic Visions of Sport John Sugden and Alan Tomlinson, University of Brighton, International Sport and the Making of Nations: FIFA and the Arbitration of National Identities in Africa and Eastern Europe Grant Jarvie, Heriot-Watt University, Sport, Nationalism and Ideas about Scotland William J. Morgan, University of Tennessee, Nations, Sports, and Ethics: A Moral Inquiry into Athletic Nation-Making 12:00 noon to 1:30 p.m. LUNCH 1:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. POSTER SESSION Session Organizer: Judith Bischoff, Northern Illinois University Daniel L. Wann, Murray State University, The Inequitable Newspaper Coverage of Men’s and Women’s Athletics at Small, Medium, and Large Universities Dennis Abry and Steve Wininger, Florida State University, The Relationship Between the Perceptions of Exercise Leaders and Class Environment on Participant Enjoyment in Aerobics Classes Christopher J. Hallinan, Victoria University (Australia), and Erin R. Reilly, Washburn University, Academic Identity Management and Status Strategies of Graduate Assistant and “Restricted Earnings” Coaches Paul De Knop, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, The Development of Sport Tourism from a Figurational Perspective Moshes Semyonov, Australia National University, Earnings Determination Among Players in the Israeli Soccer League 1:30 p.m. to 3:15 p.m. CONCURRENT SESSIONS Session 1: Gender, Media, and Sport: Critiques of Homophobia and Heterosexism Session Organizer and Presider: Mary Jo Kane, University of Minnesota Larry DeGaris, University of Connecticut, Pro Wrestling’s Commercial Exploitation of Homophobia Shari L. Dworkin and Faye Linda Wachs, University of Southern California, Disciplining the HIV-Positive Male Athlete’s Body: Media Surveillance and Policing of Sexuality Mary G. McDonald and W. Erik Aiken, Miami University, “Damn is He Funny!” Dennis Rodman and the Queer Politics of (Ms.) Representation Session 2: Cultural Production and Consumption of Sports: Local vs. Global (II) Session Organizers: Anouk Bélanger, Simon Fraser University, and Jean Harvey, Université '’Ottawa Session Presider: Anouk Bélanger, Simon Fraser University Merrill J. Melnick and Steven J. Jackson, Globalization, the Mass Media and Reference Idol Selection: The Case of New Zealand Adolescents Hans Peter Brandl-Bredenbeck, Freie Universität and C. Roger Rees, Adelphi University, Global Trends in Local Perspective: American Sports in Germany Michael Letters, Queen’s University and the University of Queensland, The IOC and the Environment: The Affinity of a Transnational Sports Organisation for a Global Social Movement Session 3: African-American Women in Sport Session Organizer: Robert Sellers, University of Virginia Presider: Earl Smith, Wake Forest University Terese Peretto Stratta, Georgia State University, Cultural Interpretations of Sporting Bodies for African American Women in College Sport Yevonne Smith, Michigan State University, Social-Historical Influences on African American Elite Females in Sport Session 4: Olympic Media: International Constructions of the 1996 Games Session Organizer and Presider: Margaret MacNeill, University of Toronto Greg Malszecki, York University, Amazin’ or Amazons?: Female Olympians, “Power” in the Press, and the Political Linguistics of Virility Normand Bourgeois, Champlain-St. Lawrence College/Universite é du Queébec à Trois Rieères, and Universieé Laval, Advertising in the 1996 Olympic Games: Identities and Postmodern Esthetics Henry (Henk) Pardoel, Queen’s University, The Marginalization of the Sport of Fencing in the Olympic Games Session 5: Poststructuralism and the Interrogation of Contemporary Sport Culture (II) Session Organizer and Presider: David Andrews, University of Memphis Timothy J. Bryant, University of Maryland, Down, Set, Fatal Simulation Faye Linda Wachs, University of Southern California, The Reproduction of Gendered Ideologies: Assumptions of Male Physical Superiority in the Formal Rules and Informal Structure of Coed Softball Detlev Zwick, University of Memphis, “It’s a Family Affair”: Soccer and the Symbolic Construction of Suburban America 3:30 p.m. to 4:45 p.m. NASSS PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS (Sponsored by Human Kinetics Publishers) Timothy J. Curry, Ohio State University Beyond the Locker Room: Sexual Assault and the College Athlete 5:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. NASSS Business Meeting 6:00 p.m. Book Raffle 6:00 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. Informal Reception (Cash Bar) 7:30 p.m. Restaurant Night Organizer: Christopher J. Hallinan, Victoria University (Australia) Saturday, November 16 7:00 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. Board of Directors Meeting 8:45 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. BIRMINGHAM ROUND TABLE Participants: Odessa Woolfolk, Lawrence Pijeaux, Birmingham Civil Rights Institute Archie Wade, Robert Corley, University of Alabama 10:15 a.m. to 12:00 noon CONCURRENT SESSIONS Session 1: Sport and Ethnic Identity Session Organizer and Presider: Christopher J. Hallinan, Victoria University (Australia) John Hughson, University of New England (Australia), Football, Folkdancing, and Fascism: Australian Soccer and Multicultural Practice Christopher J. Hallinan, Victoria University (Australia), The Political Strategies of Selected Australian Men’s Soccer Clubs Julie Laible, University of Alabama, Border Cultures, Migrant Youth: Exploring Sports, Gender, and Identity Politics in Texas/Mexico Border Schools Session 2: Sport Fans and Spectators (II) Session Organizer and Presider: Janet C. Harris, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Martha Wilkerson, Southwest Missouri State University, Female and Male Spectators of Lady Bear Basketball: A Comparative Description Timothy Jurkovac, Bowling Green State University, Basking in the Reflected Glory After 41 Years: An Analysis of Fan Behavior in Cleveland During the 1995 World Series Mark Falcous, Queen’s University, TV Made It All a New Game: Not Again! -- Rugby League and the Case of the “Superleague” Brian Wilson and Philip White, McMaster University, Sport Spectatorship and Socio-Economic Status in Canada: Findings from National Survey Data Session 3: Race, Law, and the African American Athlete Session Organizer: Robert Sellers, University of Virginia Presider: Timothy Davis, Southern Methodist University W. Burlette Carter, George Washington University, A Strategy for Protecting the Property Rights of Student-Athletes Timothy Davis, Southern Methodist University, African- American Student-Athletes: Marginalizing the NCAA Regulatory System Alfred Dennis Mathewson, University of New Mexico, Nobody Knows Her Name: The Black American Sportswoman Kenneth L. Shropshire, University of Pennsylvania, Role Models, Sports, Race and the Law Session 4: The Lesbian Presence in Sport: Myth, Construction and Reality Session Organizer and Presider: Brenda A. Riemer Caroline Fusco, University of Manitoba, Free As a Bird?? Resistance and Reality in the Lives of Lesbian Athletes Catriona T. Higgs, Slippery Rock University, and Beez Schell, Texas Women’s University, Backstage, Frontstage: An Analysis of Work and Leisure Roles of Recreational Women’s Softball Players Brenda A. Riemer, Sexual Orientation as a Variable Session 5: The Economy of Celebrity Session Organizer and Presider: Cheryl L. Cole, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign David L. Andrews, University of Memphis, and Cheryl L. Cole, University of Illinois, NikeNation: Technologies of an American Sign Marvin Washington, Northwestern University, Field of Play: An Analysis of the Evolution of the College Athletic Field Amy Hribar, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Susan Powter: Economies of Celebrity and Fitness Kyle W. Kunz, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Air Agassi: Towards an Understanding of Nike’s Masculinities TAKE A STUDENT TO LUNCH DAY 12:00 NOON TO 1:30 P.M. Organizer: Darcy L. Plymire, University of Iowa 1:30 p.m. to 3:15 p.m. CONCURRENT SESSIONS Session 1: The Intersection of Sport and Economics Presider: Peter Donnelly, McMaster University Jean Harvey, Université '’Ottawa, and Peter Donnelly, McMaster University, Bringing Class Back In: The Case of Access to Sport and Physical Activity William McTeer, Wilfrid Laurier University, Stephen Wenn, Wilfrid Laurier University, and Jack Birch, Career Length in the National Hockey League Xuan Nguyen, Jean Harvey, and Maurice Saint-Germain, Université '’Ottawa, The Trading Pattern of the Sporting Goods Industry Between the Industrialized Countries and the Newly Industrialized Countries in the 90’s Session 2: Constructing the Female/Body/Sport Experience Through Advertising Session Organizer and Presider: Margery Holman, University of Windsor Margaret MacNeill, University of Toronto, Exclusive Rights and Mortise: The Sponsored Assemblance of Gendered Images in Olympic Advertisements Shelley M. Lucas, University of Iowa, “If You Let Me Play”: Tools of Resistance Revealed in Primetime Bethanne O'’Neil, University of Alberta, Female Athletes and Eating Disorders: A Feminist Analysis Timi Ross Poeppelman, California State University, Sacramento, Creating an “Advertising Language” for and about the Female Athlete Session 3: Intersections in Sport: African-Americans, Latino/as, and Samoan-Americans Session Organizer and Presider: C. Keith Harrison, Washington State University Russell Clark, Georgia State University and Algerian Hart, Washington State University, African-American Athletic Directors at Historically Black Colleges and Predominantly White Institutions: Different Lenses C. Keith Harrison, Washington State University, Samoan- American Male Student-Athletes Today and Yesterday: Any Intersections with African-American Male Student-Athletes? Roundtable with C. Keith Harrison, Washington State University, Nomo and Rodriguez: Will Asian-Americans and Latinos Mirror the Trailblazed Path of African-Americans in Sport? Session 4: Fitness as a Cultural Phenomenon Session Organizers and Presiders: Heather Gibson, University of North Carolina at Greensboro and Karin Volkwein, Westchester University Wilbert Leonard II, Illinois State University, Physical Activity and Psychological Well-being Among High School Seniors Jasmin Tahmaseb McConatha and Karin Volkwein, Westchester University, Contours of Self Through the Body: The Impact of Gender, Age and Ethnicity GuüntherLueüschen, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Sport and Health Status in Europe and America Session 5: Graduate Student Research in Progress (III) Session Organizer and Presider: David Furst, San Jose State University Cheryl Cooky, Miami University, A Chance to Speak Out: Young Girls and Their Relations With Sport Aminuddin Yusof, University of Connecticut, A Quantitative Analysis of College Athletes’ Gender Preference, Perceptions and Evaluation of Male and Female Strength and Conditioning Coaches Kyung Hoon Lee, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Feminism and the Korean Female Athlete Alexis Peters, Towards a Feminist Perspective of Sport Science 3:30 p.m. to 5:15 p.m. CONCURRENT SESSIONS Session 1: Graduate Student Research in Progress (IV) Session Organizer and Presider: David Furst, San Jose State University Michael Letters, Queen’s University, The IOC and the Environment: The Affinity of a Transnational Sports Organisation for a Global Social Movement Rebecca Susan Kraus, Catholic University of America, The Effect of Sport Quality of Life: The Measurement Issues Dutchess R. Jones, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Perceived Quality of Life of Former African-American Female Athletes Session 2: Sport and Urban Issues Session Organizer: Kimberly S. Schimmel, Kent State University Presider: Kathleen M. Kinkema, Pfeiffer College Susan G. Zieff, San Francisco State University, Playing Urban Sport; or, Becoming More or Less American Nancy E. Spencer and Cheryl L. Cole, University of Illinois, Creating a Space for Venus: Professional Women’s Tennis and Family in Urban America Kimberly S. Schimmel, Kent State University, It’s an Erie Strategy: Urban Regime Theory, Professional Sports and Economic Development in Cleveland Session 3: Methodological Issues in Sport Sociology Session Organizer and Presider: Robert Sellers, University of Virginia Wilbert Leonard, Illinois State University, and John Phillips, University of the Pacific, An Overdue Statistical Correction in Sport Sociology Alphonse Damas, University of Virginia, Structural Factor Analysis Experiments with Incomplete Data: The Case of the 1994 College Life Experiments of Black Student-Athletes Database Ed Rosenberg, Appalachian State University, Race, Sport and Sexual Violence: A Review and Pilot Study Results Session 4: Anthony Giddens, Structuration, and the Sociology of Sport Session Organizer: Robert Pitter, University of Memphis Presider: Laura Cousens, University of Alberta John Horne, Heriot-Watt University, Structuration Theory and Sport and Leisure Masayoshi Seino, Ritsumeikan University, The Rights and Agents of Sports Activities in Everyday Life Robert Pitter, University of Memphis, and Laura Cousens, University of Alberta, Structuration, Institutional Environments and Professional Sports Leagues Session 5: Postmodernism, Health, and the Body Session Organizer and Presider: Mary E. Duquin, University of Pittsburgh Leslie D. Haravon, University of Iowa, Gaining Respect: Fat Women and Resistance Mary E. Duquin, University of Pittsburgh, Learning to Touch, Learning to Heal: Health, Body and Massage