Turabian Citation Style

There are two ways to cite sources using the Turabian Citation Style: Bibliographic Style and Reference Lists. The Bibliographic Style contains a bibliography at the end of the research paper and footnotes within the body of the paper. The Reference List Style (also called References, Works Cited or Literature Cited) contains a list of sources used at the end of the research paper and parenthetical references within the body of the paper.

The Bibliographic style is most commonly used when writing a paper regarding the humanities, whereas the Reference List style is most commonly used when writing a paper in the fields of natural and social sciences.

The following are examples using both the Bibliographic and Reference List citation styles:

Book with one author (Reference List):

Pollock, Dale. 1999. Skywalking: The life and films of George Lucas. New York: Da Capo Press.

Book with one author (Bibliographic style):

Pollock, Dale. Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas. New York: Da Capo Press, 1999.

* If no author is given for a book, simply begin the citation with the title; everything else remains the same.

Book with two authors (Reference List):

Lott, Bernice, and Heather E. Bullock. 2007. Psychology and economic injustice: Personal, professional, and political intersections. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Book with two authors (Bibliographic style):

Lott, Bernice, and Heather E. Bullock. Psychology and Economic Injustice: Personal, Professional, and Political Intersections. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2007.

Book with an editor as author (Reference List):

Larbalestier, Justine, ed. 2006. Daughters of earth: Feminist science fiction in the twentieth century. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.

Book with an editor as author (Bibliographic style):

Larbalestier, Justine, ed. Daughters of Earth: Feminist Science Fiction in the Twentieth Century. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2006.

Chapter from an edited book (Reference List):

Levi, Antonia. 2006. The Americanization of anime and manga: Negotiating Popular Culture. In Cinema anime: Critical engagements with Japanese animation, ed. Steven T. Brown, 43-63. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Chapter from an edited book (Bibliographic style):

Levi, Antonia. “The Americanization of Anime and Manga: Negotiating Popular Culture.” In Cinema Anime: Critical Engagements with Japanese Animation, ed. Steven T. Brown, 43-63. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

Journal article with volume only (Reference List):

Glynn, Kevin. 1996. Bartmania: The social reception of an unruly image. Camera Obscura: A Journal of Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies 38 (May): 61-90.

Journal article with volume only (Bibliographic style):

Glynn, Kevin. “Bartmania: The Social Reception of an Unruly Image.” Camera Obscura: A Journal of Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies 38 (May 1996): 61-90.

Journal article with volume and issue (Reference List):

Kosut, Mary. 2006. An ironic fad: The commodification and consumption of tattoos. Journal of Popular Culture 39, no. 6: 1035-48.

Journal article with volume and issue (Bibliographic style):

Kosut, Mary. “An Ironic Fad: The Commodification and Consumption of Tattoos.” Journal of Popular Culture 39, no. 6 (2006): 1035-48.

*The same citation rules apply to journal articles that are found in an online database.

Popular magazine article (Reference List):

Gibbs, Nancy. 2007. Why scandals stick. Time Magazine, 14 May, 23.

Popular magazine article (Bibliographic style):

Gibbs, Nancy. “Why Scandals Stick.” Time Magazine, 14 May 2007, 23.

Government Document (Reference List):

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2003. Bird checklist for the Santa Catalina Ranger District: Coronado National Forest, Southeast Arizona. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

Government Document (Bibliographic style):

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Bird Checklist for the Santa Catalina Ranger District: Coronado National Forest, Southeast Arizona. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2003.

Encyclopedia Articles:

Encyclopedia entries are generally not listed in the final Bibliography or Reference List. However, one would cite an encyclopedia entry as a footnote or a parenthetical reference in the body of a research paper.

Unsigned entry

Encyclopedia Americana, 2005 ed., s.v. “ Vistula river”

Signed entry

Julius W. Pratt, “War of 1812,” in Encyclopedia Americana, 2005 ed.

Newspapers

Entries from daily newspapers are usually not included in a final Bibliography or Reference List. However, one would usually cite a newspaper as a footnote or parenthetical reference.

Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 6 June 2007.

If the name of the newspaper does not include the city, add the name of the city (and state in parenthesis) before the newspaper title and italicize both.

Kenosha ( Wisconsin) News, 6 June 2007.

For foreign newspapers where the name of the city is not part of the title, the city should be given in parenthesis after the title. Only the newspaper title should be italicized.

Times ( London), 6 June 1965.

Websites:

There are no official rules for citing websites in the latest edition of A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, by Kate L. Turabian. One rule of thumb is to try and include the following information in your citation: author (if no formal author is found, use the sponsor as the author), title of the website and the site’s URL . You may also include the date you accessed the site (particularly if the cited material is time sensitive).

Entire website:

A&E Television Networks. The History Channel. Available from http://www.history.com/. Internet; accessed 6 June 2007.

Webpage with no author:

“Leave it to Beaver: Series Summary.” Sitcoms Online. Available from http://www.sitcomsonline.com/leaveittobeaver.html. Internet; accessed 15 June 2007.

Webpage with author:

Stafford, Beth. “UWM Students’ Works Featured at Lakefront Festival of Arts.” University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. Available from http://www4.uwm.edu/about_uwm/news_press/today_at_uwm_detail.cfm. Internet; accessed 15 June 2007.