Prof. Martha Carlin

                                                                         Week 4: Tuesday
 

                                                              THE LATER CRUSADES
 

1147-8            Fall of county of Edessa to Muslims (1144) leads to 2nd Crusade:
                             Preached by St. Bernard of Clairvaux
                               Led by King Louis VII of France (accompanied by wife Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine)
                                    and Emperor Conrad III of Germany
                                Main achievement: capture of Lisbon

1170s-80s        Re-unification of Muslim state in Egypt under Saladin (d. 1193)

1187                Saladin crushes Crusader army at Hattin and re-conquers much of Crusader States,
                                including Jerusalem, leading to:

1189-93          Third Crusade, led by King Richard I ("the Lionheart") of England, Philip II ("Augustus")
                                        of France, and Emperor Frederick I ("Barbarossa") of Germany:
                                        Barbarossa drowns on way to Crusade (1190)
                                        Philip leaves Crusade early to attack Richard's castles in Normandy
                                        Richard takes Acre, makes treaty with Saladin and returns to confront
                                            Philip, but is captured and held for ransom by Barbarossa's son, Henry VI

1201-4           Fourth Crusade, preached by Pope Innocent III and led by lesser princes (including
                                    Baldwin, Count of Flanders):
                                         Diverted first to Zara (to repay Venetians for fleet), and then to Constantinople
                                          (captured and looted, 1204, and Latin dynasty rules there until 1261.  The loot
                                           included numerous relics, such as the head of St. John the Baptist, and
                                           4 gilded bronze horses, which were used to decorate
                                           St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice.)

1209-29          Albigensian Crusade, preached by Pope Innocent III against Cathars (rather
                                    successful; also extended French royal authority into S. France; > Inquisition)

1212             Crusade against Muslims in Spain, preached by Pope Innocent III (successful);
                       "Children's Crusade" (hopeless)

1217-21          Fifth Crusade: in Egypt (failure)

1229                Emperor Frederick II purchases possession of Jerusalem (temporary success)

1248, 1270      6th and 7th Crusades, led by King Louis IX (St. Louis) of France (both failures)

1291                Fall of last Crusader stronghold (Acre)
 

Online readings:

  Annales Herbipolenses, 1147: A hostile view of the 2nd Crusade, by an anonymous annalist of
        Würzburg

  De expugnatione terrae sanctae per Saladinum: Eyewitness account of the capture of Jerusalem
        by Saladin, 1187

                                                                         THE INQUISITION

12th cent.      Rediscovery in the West of codification of Roman law (produced in Constantinople
                     under Emperor Justinian  in mid 500s) leads to rapid development of civil (secular)
                     and canon (ecclesiastical) law, and election of canon lawyers to high church
                     office, including the papacy.

1215           Pope Innocent III (a canon lawyer) convenes the 4th Lateran Council, the most
                    important church council held in medieval Europe.  It passes a series of canons (church
                    laws), one of which (Canon 21) requires that all Christians shall make confession and
                    take Communion at least once a year, at Easter, on pain of excommunication.  This
                    provides a legal basis for the Inquisition, which is established in the 1220s to
                    identify and eliminate all heresies and heretics.
 

Online readings:

 The crusade against heresy: Decree of the Council of  Toulouse, 1229

 The birth of the Inquisition: Gregory IX sends Domincan friars as Inquisitors to France, 1233