Prof. Martha Carlin

                                                                         Week 3: Tuesday
 
 

                                                        NEW PATHS TO GOD, 1000-1300
 

Rule of St. Benedict of Nursia (c. 480-550):
    Triple vows: obedience (to abbot or abbess), stability (to house), and conversion of
            manners (to monastic life)
    Daily duties of monks and nuns include:
          Opus dei ("work of God"): 7 daily liturgical services
             Chapter meeting (daily business meeting, and reading of one chapter of the Rule)
             Silence most of the day (including at meals)
             Daily work (originally manual; subsequently mostly intellectual, such as copying manuscripts)

Organization of the Roman Catholic Church:

                                                      Pope (Bishop of Rome)
                                             _____________|_____________
                                             |                                                   |
                                    Archbishop                                     Archbishop
                        __________|________                          _____|___________
                        |                                    |                         |                                |
                      Bishop                       Bishop                    Bishop                       Bishop
            ______|________          _____|______          ___|________          ___|________
            |     |     |    |     |     |          |    |     |     |     |          |     |     |     |     |         |     |     |     |    |
           Parish Priests                  Parish Priests             Parish Priests             Parish Priests
 

Cardinals = senior churchmen (often bishops), appointed by the pope, who in the 1050s become the
                    sole electors of new popes

Reform of the papacy in the 11th century:

1046    Emperor Henry III (r. 1039-1056) deposes 3 rival claimants to papacy and appoints
                German reform pope
1054    Pope Leo IX's legate to Constantinople, Humbert of Silva Candida, excommunicates
                Patriarch for refusing to acknowledge supremacy of Pope (creating a split between the
                Roman and Eastern Orthodox churches that has never been resolved)
1059    Papal Election Decree
1075    Beginning of  Investiture Controversy:
               Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand, r.1073-85) vs. Emperor Henry IV (1050-1106)
                January 1077: meeting at Canossa arranged by Matilda of Tuscany
                1084: siege of Rome by Henry IV
1122    Concordat of Worms, between Emperor Henry VI and Pope Calixtus II
 

Terms:

Saint:                    Holy person, believed to have intercessory powers with God, and to be able to
                                perform miracles
Relic:                    Physical remains of a saint (e.g., tooth), or object associated with saint (e.g., clothing),
                                often stored and displayed in a special case called a reliquary
Pilgrimage:            Journey to holy place, person, shrine, relic
7 Sacraments        Baptism, Confirmation, Matrimony, Holy Orders (Ordination), Extreme
                                Unction, Penance, Eucharist.  Administered by priests.
Excommunication: Expulsion from communion with the Church and with fellow-Christians; those
                                who die excommunicate are irrevocably condemned to Hell
Regular clergy:      Monks, nuns, friars, and others living under a monastic rule (Latin regula)
Secular clergy:        Clerics (such as many parish priests and bishops) who are not members of a
                                        monastic community or other religious order
Lay investiture:      Control by secular ("lay") lords of ecclesiastical elections of prelates such as
                                        popes, bishops, or abbesses, symbolized by investing them with the
                                        symbols of office (the ring and pastoral staff)

Apostolic poverty:  Belief that Jesus and his disciples had lived their lives in voluntary poverty,
                                    owning nothing, and that the Church and clergy should do likewise
 

Major new religious movements:
    Cult of the Virgin Mary
    Focus on the redemptive suffering of Jesus's Crucifixion
Major causes of anticlericalism:
    Simony (buying and selling of church offices)
    clerical concubinage
    clerical corruption and wealth
    poor preaching by poorly-educated clergy
Major new heresies:
    Catharism (also called Albigensianism, after the city of Albi in S. France)
    Waldensianism (so called after its founder, Peter Waldo or Valdez)
Major new religious orders:
    monastic orders: Carthusians, Cistercians (most important leader: St. Bernard of Clairvaux)
    military orders:  Knights Templar, Knights Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights
    mendicant orders: Dominicans, Franciscans
 

Online readings:

                                                        CONQUESTS AND CRUSADES
 

1002    Death of Al-Mansur and disintegration of of Al-Andalus (Muslim caliphate of Cordova) leads to:

c. 1050-1250      Gradual Reconquista (reconquest) of much of Iberia by Christian armies (Granada, the
                              last Muslim stronghold, falls in 1492)
        1085           Toledo conquered by Christian kingdom of Castile; becomes center for Muslim,
                              Jewish, and Christian scholarly exchange
        1130s-40s   Merger of  Christian kingsdoms of Aragon and Barcelona; capture of Lisbon by Crusaders
                              of 2nd Crusade, and establishment of independent Christian kingdom of Portugal
        1212-1264   Pope Innocent III proclaims a Crusade against Muslims in Spain; S. half of Portugal and
                               Spain (except territory around Granada) and Balearic Islands conquered by Christians

1047-1090s          Robert Guiscard (d. 1085, after rescuing Pope Gregory VII from Henry IV in 1084) and
                                his brother Roger, sons of a Norman baron, conquer S. Italy and Sicily, and establish
                                Norman kingdom there, with capital at Palermo, which becomes center of Muslim,
                                Jewish, Greek, and Latin scholarly exchange.

c. 1125-c. 1350    German eastward expansion into Slavic lands

The First Crusade:

1071                    Seljuk Turks smash Byzantine army at Manzikert, and conquer Palestine (including Jerusalem)
                                from Fatimid caliphate of Egypt

1095                    Pope Urban II receives appeal for help from Byzantine emperor; at church council
                                at Clermont he calls for Christian reconquest of the Holy Land (First Crusade)

1095-6                 Peasants' Crusade (or "Popular Crusade"), led by Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless,
                                slaughters Jews in Rhineland, reaches Constantinople, but is destroyed in Asia Minor by
                                Turks

1096-9                 First Crusade, led by Norman and French barons and knights, conquers Syro-Palestine,
                                including Jerusalem, and divides it up into four Crusader States: kingdom of Jerusalem,
                                principality of Antioch, county of Tripoli, and county of Edessa

Online readings:

 Robert the Monk, Historia Hierosolymitana (c. 1120): Pope Urban II’s speech at Clermont, 1095

 Map of the First Crusade, 1095-99

Ekkehard of Aurach, Hierosolymita (early 1100s): The first Crusaders

Fulk of Chartres: The Capture of Jerusalem in 1099, and the Latins in the East