http://www.uwm.edu/%7Ecarlin/highmedoutlines07-wk7.html

LECTURE OUTLINE FOR HISTORY 204

Prof. Martha Carlin

Week 7:

WORLDS IN COLLISION: PAPACY AND EMPIRE

The Investiture Controversy:

1046    Emperor Henry III (r. 1039-1056) deposes 3 rival claimants to papacy and appoints
                German reform pope
1054    Pope Leo IX's legate to Constantinople, Humbert of Silva Candida, excommunicates
                the Patriarch for refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the Pope
1059    Papal election decree
1075    Beginning of Investiture Controversy:
                 Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand, r.1073-85) vs. Emperor Henry IV (1050-1106)
                1075 or 1090: Dictatus papae (Dictates of the Pope)
                1070s: Gregory VII prohibits lay investiture
                Jan.-Feb. 1076: exchange of letters between Henry IV and Gregory VII
                January 1077: meeting at Canossa, the castle of Countess Matilda of Tuscany (1046-1115)
                1084: siege of Rome by Henry IV, who is chased away by the pope's Norman ally, Robert Guiscard
                1085: death of Gregory VII in exile at Salerno
1122    Concordat of Worms, between Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II: formally
                resolves Investiture Controversy

The papacy becomes stronger following the Investiture Controversy::

8 major church councils summoned by popes in 12th-13th cent., at Rome, Lyons, and Vienne,
    beginning in 1123 with the 1st Lateran Council at Rome
Rediscovery of Justinian's codification of Roman law (Corpus Juris Civilis, mid 500s) leads to rise in
    study of both civil (secular) law and canon (ecclesiastical) law, especially at Bologna,
    where Gratian completed his codification of canon law (the Decretum) in 1140. Many popes
    of 12th-13th cent. are canon lawyers.
Papacy claims to inherit vast estates from Countess Matilda of Tuscany, but must contend with
    rival heir, Emperor Henry V; papacy also claims general dominion over all of Italy (relying on
    forged 8th-century "Donation of Constantine")

The empire becomes weaker following the Investiture Controversy:

Henry IV (d. 1106) and Henry V (d. 1125) increasingly lose control over both clergy and aristocracy;
    they rely on knightly royal servants ("ministerials") and try to build good relations with towns by
    granting many urban charters
Henry V also loses much control over Lombardy (N. Italy), where townpeople established free
    communes under nominal imperial control
Death of Henry V without heir in 1125 leads to return to custom of electing German kings, which
    leads to intense rivalry between to ducal houses: Welfs of Saxony and Hohenstaufens of Swabia

Online readings:

Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida excommunicates the Patriarch of Constantinople, 1054

Papal election decree, 1059

Dictatus papae (Dictates of the Pope), 1075 or 1090

Gregory VII prohibits lay investiture, 1070s

Henry IV: Letter to Gregory VII, 24 Jan. 1076

Gregory VII deposes Henry IV, 22 Feb. 1076

1140s-1155 Communal rebellion in Rome vs pope, led by Arnold of Brescia, who wants to
                        restore Church to state of apostolic poverty; rebellion ended when
                        Pope Hadrian IV (1154-9) puts Rome under interdict and, with Emperor
                        Frederick I, hunts Arnold down and executes him, marking end of papal
                        alliance with urban reforms

1152-1190    Emperor Frederick I "Barbarossa" (Hohenstaufen duke of Swabia)
                        Major goals: control of German nobility, of Italy, and of papacy
        1162        Besieges and burns Milan
        1176        Loses Battle of Legnano vs. Lombard League, leading to independence for Lombard cities
   late 1170s     Marries his son, later Henry VI, to Constance, Norman heiress of Sicily and S. Italy
        1180        Crushes rival Henry "the Lion," Welf duke of Saxony
        1190        Drowns on way to Third Crusade

1159-1181 Pope Alexander III
Canon lawyer, and Barbarossa's greatest opponent; ally of Lombard League

1198-1216    Pope Innocent III
                      University-trained theologian and canon lawyer; most powerful medieval pope
                      Preaches 3 Crusades:
                            Fourth Crusade (which sacks Zara and Constantinople, 1201-4)
                            Albigensian Crusade (against Cathars, 1209-29)
                            Crusade against Spanish Muslims (1212)
                      Places England and France under interdicts, forcing King John of England to grant
                            England to pope as papal fief and to accept pope's nominee for archbishopric
                            of Canterbury; and forcing King Philip II "Augustus" of France to take back his
                             repudiated wife, Ingeborg of Denmark
                      Attempts to decide disputed Imperial election, supporting first Welf candidate, Otto
                            of Brunswick (1209), and, when Otto breaks promise not to claim Sicily and S. Italy,
                            switches support to Hohenstaufen candidate, Frederick II (son of Henry VI, b. 1197)
                      Pope's allies Philip II of France and Frederick II of Sicily win Battle of Bouvines (1214)
                            against Otto of Brunswick and John of England
                      Supports new mendicant orders (Dominicans and Franciscans)
                      Convenes 4th Lateran Council (1215), whose canons include:
                            Transsubstantiation made Church doctrine
                            Confession and taking of communion made mandatory once-yearly, at Easter
                            Jews required to wear distinguishing clothing
                            Clergy forbidden to participate in judgment by ordeal
                            Mechanism for Inquisition established

1215-1250    Emperor Frederick II of Sicily (=Hohenstaufen, grandson of Barbarossa)
                         Brilliant administrator; founder of University of Naples; establishes uniform legal code
                            (Constitution of Melfi); successful "checkbook" Crusader; author and intellectual
                         Loses control of German princes and towns; loses control of Lombard towns; impoverishes
                            Sicily through taxation; excommunicated and ordered deoposed by Council of Lyons
                            (1245), leading to revolts against him throughout his dominions
                            (Click here for images of Frederick's coronation gloves)

    after 1250      N. Italy broken up into independent and competitive city-states; pope offers crown of
                            Sicily to Charles of Anjou, younger brother of Louis IX of France, but Sicilian revolt in
                            1282 leads to 20-year "War of the Sicilian Vespers," resulting in Angevin kingdom of Naples,
                            and Aragonese kingdom of Sicily

Papacy's direct involvement in heavy clerical taxation, political scheming, interdicts, and
European wars damages its spiritual prestige and moral standing

1273-1291 Rudolf of Habsburg elected emperor (Habsburg dynasty survives until 1918)

    1294-1303    Pope Boniface VIII, a canon lawyer, challenges Philip IV "the Fair" of France and
                            Edward I "Longshanks" of England over clerical taxation and papal supremacy:
            1296        Papal bull Clericis laicos forbids kings to tax clergy
            1302        Papal bull Unam sanctam claims that papal supremacy is necessary for every
                                human's salvation
            1303        Philip IV's Estates-General convicts Boniface VIII of numerous crimes, and French
                                force briefly captures pope at Anagni; he is rescued but dies soon after
            1305        French-affiliate pope elected, and papacy moves headquarters from Rome to Avignon