Glossary of technical terms used in the four 13th-century English treatises on household and estate administration
Copyright Martha Carlin, 2005-2008, all rights reserved
Not to be quoted without permission


Amercement               Fine payable to a court
Aver (also affer)        Adult work-horse, usually used for plowing
Boon work                Extra work for the lord (e.g., at harvest time) required of  servile tenants (serfs)
Conygarth                  Rabbit yard (see Warren)
Corn                          Grain (not maize or sweet corn, a New World food that did not exist in
                                        medieval Europe)
Cultura                       Strip of plowland
Curtilage                    Courtyard
Customary work        Ordinary work for the lord required of  servile tenants (serfs)
Demesne                    Manorial land retained for the use of the lord of the manor rather than rented
                                        out to tenants
Dredge                      Mixture of oats and spring barley, often malted to make ale
Escheat                      Property forfeited to the lord
Extent                         Manorial survey listing holdings and tenants and the rents and labor services
                                        due from them; also known as a terrier
Michaelmas                29 September (feast of St. Michael the Archangel).  One of the standard
                                       quarter-days of the English legal year.  The others were Christmas (25
                                        December), the feast of the Annunciation (25 March), and the Nativity
                                        of St. John the Baptist (24 June).
Money denominations  The principal coin that was minted was the silver penny (in Latin, denarius).  
                                        A dozen pennies made a shilling (solidus), and a score of shillings made
                                        a pound (libra). (The shilling and the pound were "moneys of account"
                                        used for calculations and accounting; neither existed as a minted coin.) 
                                        Thus:
                                             12 pennies (12d.) = 1 shilling (1s.)
                                             20 shillings (20s.) = 1 pound (£1)
                                             £1 = 20s. = 240d.
                                        A sum written as, e.g., "four-and-sixpence" means 4s. 6d.
                                        Fractions of the penny in use were the halfpenny or ha'penny (obolus;
                                              written as 1/2d. or 1 ob.) and the farthing (quadrans; written as
                                              1/4d. or 1q.)
                                        Fractions of the pound in use as moneys of account (not as minted
                                              coins) were the mark (2/3 of a pound, or 13s. 4d.) and the
                                              half-mark (1/3 of a pound, or 6s. 8d.)
Murrain                      A plague or pestilence in livestock
Perch                         Measure of land.  A unit of length (also called a pole) of 5 1/2 yards; also a
                                        unit of square measure equivalent to 30 1/4 square yards
Pottle                          Half a gallon (2 quarts)
Quarter                       Measure of grain (= 8 bushels)
Rewayn                       Milk or cheese from cows that graze on the second growth of grass or hay
                                        in a season
Rolls                           Court records or financial records, kept on rolls of parchment
Rood                          Measure of land (= 1/4 acre)
Score                         Unit of twenty (e.g., nine score acres = 180 acres)
Terrier                        Manorial survey listing holdings and tenants and the rents and labor services
                                        due from them; also known as an extent
Tithe                           Ten percent of one's annual income (in cash or kind), levied for the
                                        maintenance of the parish priest and church
Tun                             A large cask or barrel, usually for liquids, of varying size (often 252 gallons)
Wardship                   Guardianship of a legal minor (the wardship of a wealthy heir was a valuable
                                    commodity)
Warren                      Area of protected rabbit burrows (rabbits were imported to England in the
                                        12th century, and were bred for their meat and pelts)
Wey (or weight)         Measure of  weight, which varied by commodity; a wey of cheese was 32
                                        cloves, each clove of 7 pounds (= 224 lb. in all).  Also a unit of
                                        dry capacity of 32 bushels.
Whitsuntide                The week that begins with Pentecost (Whit Sunday), the seventh Sunday
                                        after Easter