Glossary of technical terms used in
the four 13th-century English treatises on household and estate
administration
Copyright Martha Carlin, 2005-2008, all rights reserved
Not to be quoted without permission
Amercement
Fine payable to a court
Aver (also affer)
Adult
work-horse, usually used for plowing
Boon work
Extra work for the lord (e.g., at harvest time)
required of servile tenants (serfs)
Conygarth
Rabbit yard (see
Warren)
Corn
Grain (not maize or sweet corn, a New
World food that did not exist in
medieval Europe)
Cultura
Strip of plowland
Curtilage
Courtyard
Customary work Ordinary work for the
lord required of servile tenants (serfs)
Demesne
Manorial land retained
for the use of the lord of the manor rather than rented
out to tenants
Dredge
Mixture of oats and spring barley,
often malted to make ale
Escheat
Property forfeited to the lord
Extent
Manorial survey listing
holdings and tenants and the rents and labor services
due from them;
also known as a terrier
Michaelmas
29 September (feast of St. Michael the
Archangel). One of the standard
quarter-days of the
English legal year. The others were
Christmas (25
December), the feast of the
Annunciation (25 March),
and the Nativity
of St. John the
Baptist (24 June).
Money denominations The principal coin that was minted was the
silver penny (in Latin, denarius).
A dozen pennies made a shilling (solidus), and a score of shillings
made
a pound (libra).
(The shilling and the pound were "moneys of account"
used for calculations and accounting; neither
existed as a minted coin.)
Thus:
12 pennies (12d.) = 1 shilling (1s.)
20 shillings (20s.) = 1 pound (£1)
£1 = 20s. = 240d.
A sum written as, e.g.,
"four-and-sixpence" means 4s. 6d.
Fractions of the penny in use
were the halfpenny or ha'penny (obolus;
written as 1/2d. or 1 ob.) and the farthing (quadrans; written as
1/4d. or 1q.)
Fractions of the pound in use as
moneys of account (not as minted
coins) were the mark (2/3
of a pound, or 13s. 4d.) and the
half-mark (1/3 of a pound, or 6s.
8d.)
Murrain
A plague or pestilence in livestock
Perch
Measure of land. A unit
of
length (also called a pole) of 5 1/2 yards; also a
unit of square measure
equivalent to 30 1/4 square yards
Pottle
Half a gallon (2 quarts)
Quarter
Measure of grain (= 8 bushels)
Rewayn
Milk or cheese from cows that
graze on the second growth
of grass or hay
in a season
Rolls
Court
records or financial records, kept on rolls of parchment
Rood
Measure of land (= 1/4
acre)
Score
Unit of twenty (e.g., nine
score
acres = 180 acres)
Terrier
Manorial survey listing holdings
and tenants and the rents and labor services
due from them; also
known
as an extent
Tithe
Ten percent of
one's annual income (in cash or kind), levied for the
maintenance of the parish priest and church
Tun
A large cask
or barrel, usually for liquids, of varying size (often 252 gallons)
Wardship
Guardianship of a legal minor (the
wardship of a wealthy heir was a valuable
commodity)
Warren
Area of protected rabbit burrows
(rabbits were imported to England in the
12th century, and were bred
for
their meat and pelts)
Wey (or weight)
Measure of weight, which varied by
commodity; a wey of cheese was 32
cloves, each clove of 7
pounds (= 224 lb. in all). Also a
unit of
dry capacity of 32 bushels.
Whitsuntide
The week that begins with Pentecost (Whit Sunday),
the seventh Sunday
after Easter